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PROFESSOR: Today, we are having
a table read, which basically

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means that we're all going
to go around and read

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00:00:28,700 --> 00:00:32,890
the scripts where you have
them standing as if now.

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The way it'll work is
that say, Siri goes first.

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She would read the script aloud.

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We would all keep our laptops
closed for the first reading.

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So just listen to her
script as it flows.

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And then the second
time she reads it,

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we will follow along on her
script on annotation studio

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and make notes in real time.

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And then afterwards we'll
talk about any feedback

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that we have for her.

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And then we'll just
go around the class.

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Do you want to say
anything before we start?

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AUDIENCE: I think not
really, other than the fact

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that, I'm sure you
guys know this,

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but feedback is best
when it's very specific.

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So as we give feedback
to each other,

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and you've been doing
this for the most part,

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is to just really
as much mentioning

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the things that
really work as it does

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the things that don't work.

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Because I'm sure you all
maybe felt this way when

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we were work-shopping the
other day, but as a writer,

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it's very hard to put yourself
out there and have people just

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give you critical feedback.

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00:01:36,660 --> 00:01:38,220
So if we can also
remember to just

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give some positive critical
feedback as well, about things

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that we liked and
things that worked,

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that helps the person in the hot
seat feel a little bit better.

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00:01:45,676 --> 00:01:46,820
PROFESSOR: Yeah, for sure.

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00:01:46,820 --> 00:01:50,600
And I also wanted to say, don't
be afraid to repeat comments

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that other people
have made, especially

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on annotation studio.

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If you notice that someone has
made the same note that you

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were going to make,
just that tag a reply

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to it saying like
ditto or something.

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Because that'll draw
people's attention to a space

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that's worth looking
at a little bit more.

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AUDIENCE: Andrea had
something to say.

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I just want to make
sure I don't lose it.

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PROFESSOR: Oh, yeah.

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Sorry.

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AUDIENCE: Just one of the
techniques that I learned,

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actually from an
entrepreneurship class,

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was the technique of
doing the yes/and,

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as a way of giving positive
feedback where you're

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sort of riffing a little
bit or adding something

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to what somebody just said.

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And I think you guys did that,
actually, in your comments.

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And that was received
very positively,

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because it's like
yes, you get it,

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and you're adding more to it.

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PROFESSOR: And I will say that
looking over the scripts that

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were sent in this
weekend, I think

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everyone's in a really good
spot as far as ideas go.

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Like the topics of your
videos are actually

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very, very fascinating.

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So it's a really
good space to be in.

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I think that the common
sort of room for improvement

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that people have right now is
connecting specific examples

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to the bigger picture.

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And I think that you
get that in your head,

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but making it a little more
explicit in your script

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is where your focus
should be on next.

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And I tried to give some
of that feedback online.

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And maybe today I can explain
some more of the comments

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if you didn't
understand them as well.

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But connecting the facts
that make up a tutorial video

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into a bigger picture, like
this is why you should care,

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is a very tricky thing to do.

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But hopefully today, with the
feedback of everyone in class,

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you can have a better
sense of how to do it.

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And I'll also say that
at the end of the day

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this is your video, and the
final decisions are up to you.

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So it is OK if people offer
different pieces of advice,

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conflicting opinions.

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In a lot of my feedback
I was saying this

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as a matter of personal taste.

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I don't really find this
necessary in this part.

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And that's OK.

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Final decisions are up to
you as long as you sort of

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justify why you've made
the choices that you have.

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And that I don't want you to
feel like you need to come away

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from this table read with
a checklist of things

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that you need to do.

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And then once you do
them, like, the script

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is magically finished.

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Because that's not
going to happen.

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And unfortunately, that's
sort of how a lot of us

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approach these sort of things.

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At least that's how I
first approached them.

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So it's OK to repeat people.

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Constructive feedback is good.

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The yes/and thing
is a good strategy.

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And I don't know if
there's anything else.

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AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
I'm the only one who

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doesn't know how to get onto
the annotation software.

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Does everyone know
how to do that?

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No?

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Yes?

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OK, then maybe I'm
the only one who

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doesn't know how to do this.

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AUDIENCE: Here's the
homework on the first day.

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AUDIENCE: Oh.

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AUDIENCE: There's a
link on the Tumblr.

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AUDIENCE: OK.

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We should probably, in order
to make this run smoothly, all

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be ready so that
there isn't a big gap

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in between the first person.

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[INAUDIBLE]

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PROFESSOR: Oh, this will
also be an opportunity

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to practice hosting.

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00:05:03,050 --> 00:05:05,070
So whenever you're
reading the script,

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00:05:05,070 --> 00:05:07,470
it's OK if things aren't
memorized completely.

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00:05:07,470 --> 00:05:09,860
But try to deliver it
as you would on screen

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and we'll give you feedback
on the hosting as well.

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So for this first
reading, Julia, just

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go ahead and read
it start to finish.

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If you have queues for like
b-roll or something like that,

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just say this is the part where
I'm going to have some b-roll.

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AUDIENCE: OK, and should I
also describe the animations?

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PROFESSOR: Um, yeah.

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Just like briefly,
briefly go over that.

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And so for this first
read, everyone just

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close the computers.

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If you have to make
notes, do it analog.

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Whenever you're ready.

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AUDIENCE: What do a cellphone,
a river, and a cancer cell

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have in common?

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The answer is fractals.

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Fractals in mathematics
are never ending patterns.

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Scientists can program
these infinite patterns

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by repeating a simple
mathematical process

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over and over.

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So if you zoom in, you'll see
the shape-- the same shape,

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again and again and again.

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And here I would
show an animation

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of that on a computer.

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Similarly, a tree grows
by repetitive branching.

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Just like a fractal, a
tree extends its branches

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one smaller than the
other, but similar.

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A tree can't grow
as far and precisely

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as a truly mathematical fractal,
but we can still study nature

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in terms of fractals.

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In fact, so many
things in nature

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have these pattern
properties-- and show animation

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of all those
things-- it sometimes

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feels like the world itself
is one giant fractal.

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Rivers of the planet flow
like the blood vessels

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in our bodies.

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Lightning bolts become
electrifying rivers of the sky.

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And just look at this honey--
show fractal honey-- here's

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something even wackier, a
brain-fractal shaped forest.

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One way to explain this
abundance of patterns

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is the fact that nature
is just great at reusing

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efficient mechanisms.

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How and why that happens,
we can't really tell.

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But although the existence of
fractals remains a mystery,

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mathematicians have found a way
to study the wacky structures.

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Clouds are not spheres
and bark is not smooth,

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but with fractal geometry we
can mathematically explore them.

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In the 1970s, a mathematician,
named Benoit Mandelbrot,

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was hired to investigate
noise in telephone lines.

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Now Mandelbrot loved
connecting images with numbers,

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so he immediately graphed
the data he collected.

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And he came up with this--
show Mandelbrot fractal,

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and also the equation
that comes along with it.

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At first, the image
didn't look too special.

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In fact, it kind of resembled
a turtle with a giant head.

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It wasn't until night time
that Mandelbrot looked closer.

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He zoomed in once and found
a smaller turtle etched

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onto the original one,
and an even smaller turtle

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on that one.

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Mandelbrot kept
zooming and zooming

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and the turtles kept
shrinking and shrinking,

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but they were still
all the same shape.

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Mandelbrot was convinced
he'd seen a nightmare.

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But when the shape remained
on the screen the next day,

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Mandelbrot knew he
was onto something

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huge, a simple equation
applied repeatedly,

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00:08:16,490 --> 00:08:18,910
carried incredible properties.

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What if, thought he, you
could create such expressions

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for other natural phenomena?

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And that's exactly what
mathematicians do today.

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Fractal geometry allows them
to model, say, mountain ranges,

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and then use the models to
study earthquakes or creed

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00:08:34,350 --> 00:08:37,480
realistic special effects
for our favorite movies.

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So you would show
animating a mountain

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range from fractal triangles,
and then a scene from Star Wars

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where that was used,
or other movie.

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In healthier news,
fractals may also

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help doctors diagnose cancer
faster and more accurately.

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They can study the
edges of various cells

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in our bodies using
fractal geometry.

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Here the cell on the right
is more jagged and repeating

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than the one on the
left, which means

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00:09:00,030 --> 00:09:03,110
it's the more aggressive,
faster-growing cancer cell.

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00:09:03,110 --> 00:09:04,570
This way of
discovering cancer can

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00:09:04,570 --> 00:09:08,480
be that 10 times more effective
than the current methods.

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00:09:08,480 --> 00:09:11,430
So that's how cancer
cells and rivers relate.

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00:09:11,430 --> 00:09:13,360
But what about cell phones?

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00:09:13,360 --> 00:09:15,710
They aren't really
part of nature.

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Well, in the '90s
a radio astronomer

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00:09:18,050 --> 00:09:20,290
by the name of Nathan
Cohen was having

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00:09:20,290 --> 00:09:22,160
troubles with this landlord.

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00:09:22,160 --> 00:09:25,210
The man wouldn't let him put
a radio antenna on the roof.

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So Cohen decided to make a
more compact fractal radio

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00:09:28,490 --> 00:09:30,240
antenna instead.

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The landlord didn't notice it.

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00:09:31,850 --> 00:09:34,400
And it worked better
than the ones before.

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00:09:34,400 --> 00:09:37,350
Working further, Cohen
designed a new version,

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00:09:37,350 --> 00:09:40,550
this time using a shape
called the menger sponge.

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00:09:40,550 --> 00:09:42,530
The fractal's
infinite sponginess

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allowed the antenna to receive
multiple different signals.

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The menger sponge is
not really the sponge

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00:09:47,850 --> 00:09:49,460
you'd be scrubbing
your back with,

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00:09:49,460 --> 00:09:51,220
but you can still
think of it like that.

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00:09:51,220 --> 00:09:54,490
Imagine both water and soap
getting through sponges holes,

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00:09:54,490 --> 00:09:57,800
except the water is wifi and
the soap is, say, Bluetooth.

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00:09:57,800 --> 00:09:59,790
Without Cohen's
sponge, your cellphone

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00:09:59,790 --> 00:10:01,830
would have to look
something like a giraffe

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00:10:01,830 --> 00:10:03,800
to receive both those signals.

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00:10:03,800 --> 00:10:06,130
Not quite as handy, is it?

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00:10:06,130 --> 00:10:08,360
Fractals are
already very common,

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00:10:08,360 --> 00:10:10,690
yet we're still searching
for more applications,

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00:10:10,690 --> 00:10:13,150
asking questions,
building new patterns,

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00:10:13,150 --> 00:10:16,810
and exploring nature's best,
here at MIT and everywhere

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00:10:16,810 --> 00:10:18,010
in the world.

237
00:10:18,010 --> 00:10:19,010
Look around you.

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00:10:19,010 --> 00:10:20,600
What beautiful
patterns do you see?

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00:10:25,410 --> 00:10:28,864
[APPLAUSE]

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PROFESSOR: All right.

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00:10:29,739 --> 00:10:30,760
TEACHER ASSISTANT: Can I ask
a question before we start?

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00:10:30,760 --> 00:10:31,676
PROFESSOR: Absolutely.

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00:10:31,676 --> 00:10:36,575
AUDIENCE: Is the reason why you
have us not having our laptops

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00:10:36,575 --> 00:10:38,980
up so that we don't
want to start writing.

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00:10:38,980 --> 00:10:42,672
Or from your
perspective, as someone

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00:10:42,672 --> 00:10:44,570
who doesn't process
information auditorily,

247
00:10:44,570 --> 00:10:48,150
like with my ears, that was a
really hard activity for me.

248
00:10:48,150 --> 00:10:50,355
Is it possible to still
accomplish your goal

249
00:10:50,355 --> 00:10:52,392
while looking if we don't type?

250
00:10:52,392 --> 00:10:54,100
PROFESSOR: So the
reason why George and I

251
00:10:54,100 --> 00:10:56,792
don't have people look at the
text the first time around

252
00:10:56,792 --> 00:10:59,000
is because when you're
watching the video, ultimately

253
00:10:59,000 --> 00:11:02,130
you're not reading it with
the script in front of you.

254
00:11:02,130 --> 00:11:07,170
And you'll notice that there may
be moments where you tune out

255
00:11:07,170 --> 00:11:10,010
when you don't have a script in
front of you following along,

256
00:11:10,010 --> 00:11:12,590
which is going to be the
experience that a viewer is

257
00:11:12,590 --> 00:11:15,180
going to have.

258
00:11:15,180 --> 00:11:17,170
And I know that that's
very difficult to do,

259
00:11:17,170 --> 00:11:19,520
because we don't have the
visuals, which is why we also

260
00:11:19,520 --> 00:11:20,730
do it again with the script.

261
00:11:20,730 --> 00:11:23,500
But the first time
is more to just like

262
00:11:23,500 --> 00:11:26,715
experience it as
close to an experience

263
00:11:26,715 --> 00:11:30,050
as the viewer would
have of the video,

264
00:11:30,050 --> 00:11:32,690
because they're not going to
be following along with notes.

265
00:11:32,690 --> 00:11:35,320
They're not going to
know what's coming next.

266
00:11:35,320 --> 00:11:38,210
So whatever confusion you may
feel in this first read-through

267
00:11:38,210 --> 00:11:42,370
is probably more similar to what
an actual viewer of the video

268
00:11:42,370 --> 00:11:43,224
will feel.

269
00:11:43,224 --> 00:11:44,890
AUDIENCE: That helps
me understand that.

270
00:11:44,890 --> 00:11:49,120
I can deal with
my discomfort now.

271
00:11:49,120 --> 00:11:54,000
PROFESSOR: So how about
for this next part,

272
00:11:54,000 --> 00:11:55,790
let's all go to
annotation studio

273
00:11:55,790 --> 00:11:58,205
and look at the
fractals document.

274
00:12:10,790 --> 00:12:13,110
Sorry, my internet's slow.

275
00:12:16,360 --> 00:12:19,000
Would you guys find it more
helpful if, for the second time

276
00:12:19,000 --> 00:12:21,570
through, everyone got to
read through the script

277
00:12:21,570 --> 00:12:26,597
at their own pace and
then offered feedback?

278
00:12:26,597 --> 00:12:27,930
Would you rather do it that way?

279
00:12:30,650 --> 00:12:31,270
Yes?

280
00:12:31,270 --> 00:12:32,230
OK.

281
00:12:32,230 --> 00:12:36,130
Then how about everyone take
a look through Julia's script.

282
00:12:36,130 --> 00:12:37,970
Take a couple
minutes to do that.

283
00:12:37,970 --> 00:12:40,260
And if you have feedback
while you're reading through,

284
00:12:40,260 --> 00:12:41,610
go ahead and make notes.

285
00:12:41,610 --> 00:12:43,956
And then we'll talk
about it afterwards.

286
00:12:43,956 --> 00:12:46,720
All right, has everyone gotten
a chance to at least read

287
00:12:46,720 --> 00:12:49,246
through the whole script?

288
00:12:49,246 --> 00:12:49,745
OK.

289
00:12:52,639 --> 00:12:54,180
Let's go ahead and
talk about it now,

290
00:12:54,180 --> 00:12:57,164
just in the interest of time.

291
00:12:57,164 --> 00:12:58,830
Julia, did you want
to talk a little bit

292
00:12:58,830 --> 00:13:00,620
about some of the
edits you were already

293
00:13:00,620 --> 00:13:02,420
thinking about making
or some of the things

294
00:13:02,420 --> 00:13:04,660
that you're struggling
with right now?

295
00:13:04,660 --> 00:13:13,940
AUDIENCE: Yeah, so what the
instructors have suggested

296
00:13:13,940 --> 00:13:20,880
is to take out some of
the stories and examples

297
00:13:20,880 --> 00:13:23,860
and focus on one story,
which is the one that

298
00:13:23,860 --> 00:13:26,150
has to do with the
cellphone, because that

299
00:13:26,150 --> 00:13:30,720
is an example of taking
a mathematical concept

300
00:13:30,720 --> 00:13:33,430
and applying it to real life.

301
00:13:33,430 --> 00:13:39,690
So that way I could delete or
shorten the Mandelbrot story.

302
00:13:39,690 --> 00:13:44,190
But also some of the examples
of fractals in nature,

303
00:13:44,190 --> 00:13:49,350
I would focus on them less and
kind of put them at the end,

304
00:13:49,350 --> 00:13:50,950
maybe describe them less.

305
00:13:50,950 --> 00:13:54,710
But instead, explain more what
a fractal is and some equations

306
00:13:54,710 --> 00:13:58,070
that come along with it, which
to me is the hardest part,

307
00:13:58,070 --> 00:14:01,080
because the equations
of fractals,

308
00:14:01,080 --> 00:14:04,040
even though they are--

309
00:14:04,040 --> 00:14:07,290
So the equation for
Mandelbrot, for example, is z

310
00:14:07,290 --> 00:14:09,700
equals z squared plus c.

311
00:14:09,700 --> 00:14:12,300
But the z's in there
are complex numbers.

312
00:14:12,300 --> 00:14:16,140
And you just keep
iterating the equation.

313
00:14:16,140 --> 00:14:19,280
So even though it could
be simple to show what's

314
00:14:19,280 --> 00:14:21,960
happening in just a quick
animation kind of plugging

315
00:14:21,960 --> 00:14:26,790
in numbers and see
what happens, I

316
00:14:26,790 --> 00:14:30,790
cringe at the idea of
simplifying it to that,

317
00:14:30,790 --> 00:14:34,840
because that is not necessarily
the accurate representation.

318
00:14:34,840 --> 00:14:39,900
So that's why originally I
did not include the equation.

319
00:14:39,900 --> 00:14:42,870
I kind of wanted
to, maybe, animate

320
00:14:42,870 --> 00:14:45,050
just the z equals
z squared plus c

321
00:14:45,050 --> 00:14:46,980
at some point just to
show what it looks like,

322
00:14:46,980 --> 00:14:49,750
but let the reader kind of
explore that on their own

323
00:14:49,750 --> 00:14:51,560
if they wanted to.

324
00:14:51,560 --> 00:14:55,070
So I guess right now
my biggest problem

325
00:14:55,070 --> 00:15:02,780
is can I and should I include
more math in this or not?

326
00:15:02,780 --> 00:15:04,780
PROFESSOR: I mean I don't
think it's necessarily

327
00:15:04,780 --> 00:15:05,870
about the math.

328
00:15:05,870 --> 00:15:11,160
I think that the script has
a good specific example.

329
00:15:11,160 --> 00:15:13,070
And it has a really
great big picture.

330
00:15:13,070 --> 00:15:14,610
Like the pitch is awesome.

331
00:15:14,610 --> 00:15:18,710
I think that's a really
great point to work from.

332
00:15:18,710 --> 00:15:21,610
It's just that the connecting
piece seems a little bit--

333
00:15:21,610 --> 00:15:23,880
like there's not as much
connective tissue there.

334
00:15:23,880 --> 00:15:25,320
So when I'm reading
through this,

335
00:15:25,320 --> 00:15:29,080
and I saw Nathan kind of
had a similar comment, too,

336
00:15:29,080 --> 00:15:33,190
I don't quite get how all the
specific examples actually

337
00:15:33,190 --> 00:15:35,080
relate to that big picture.

338
00:15:35,080 --> 00:15:39,860
And for me, personally, it was
understanding what exactly-- I

339
00:15:39,860 --> 00:15:42,030
don't fully understand
what a fractal is yet,

340
00:15:42,030 --> 00:15:44,140
so I can't make
that jump with you

341
00:15:44,140 --> 00:15:46,820
to all the applications
of fractals.

342
00:15:46,820 --> 00:15:49,450
So I understand what you're
saying how the math itself

343
00:15:49,450 --> 00:15:52,500
is maybe a little
complicated to explain,

344
00:15:52,500 --> 00:16:00,230
but I don't understand how
a fractal is math, I guess.

345
00:16:00,230 --> 00:16:02,120
Does that make sense
to other people?

346
00:16:02,120 --> 00:16:06,180
I don't know if anyone else
felt that same confusion But it

347
00:16:06,180 --> 00:16:08,180
was like, I get
the turtle thing,

348
00:16:08,180 --> 00:16:11,660
and I get it's a
repeating thing,

349
00:16:11,660 --> 00:16:15,499
but I don't understand
how math describes that.

350
00:16:15,499 --> 00:16:18,040
AUDIENCE: OK, I guess that's an
easy fix because you can just

351
00:16:18,040 --> 00:16:21,320
say there's an equation
that goes along

352
00:16:21,320 --> 00:16:24,250
with all of these fractals
that we can program.

353
00:16:24,250 --> 00:16:26,320
AUDIENCE: I had a
similar-- like to me,

354
00:16:26,320 --> 00:16:28,770
that's the big piece
that's missing with this.

355
00:16:28,770 --> 00:16:31,620
That being said, let's
pause and take a moment,

356
00:16:31,620 --> 00:16:33,740
and like you're big idea
at the very beginning

357
00:16:33,740 --> 00:16:35,670
was to talk about how
math isn't real, right?

358
00:16:35,670 --> 00:16:38,849
And this is so amazing
that you've come so far.

359
00:16:38,849 --> 00:16:40,640
And these stories--
that I just commented--

360
00:16:40,640 --> 00:16:43,026
that they make it
real in this way

361
00:16:43,026 --> 00:16:44,400
that when we were
first sketching

362
00:16:44,400 --> 00:16:46,860
on the board that first day,
you were really struggling

363
00:16:46,860 --> 00:16:48,609
to figure out what
were those anchors that

364
00:16:48,609 --> 00:16:52,810
were going to help you talk
about that abstract idea.

365
00:16:52,810 --> 00:16:55,640
And I feel like you really
are doing a fantastic

366
00:16:55,640 --> 00:16:59,710
job at grounding this big
idea in these stories.

367
00:16:59,710 --> 00:17:03,185
That being said, this
is when being an expert

368
00:17:03,185 --> 00:17:06,140
or thinking deeply about
a topic is so hard,

369
00:17:06,140 --> 00:17:08,810
being able to separate
and to figure out

370
00:17:08,810 --> 00:17:10,810
what the rest of the
world does or doesn't

371
00:17:10,810 --> 00:17:12,530
know about this thing, right?

372
00:17:12,530 --> 00:17:14,780
To you, what is
probably very obvious,

373
00:17:14,780 --> 00:17:16,490
and I'm going to be
very honest that I'm

374
00:17:16,490 --> 00:17:18,470
not quantitative person, right?

375
00:17:18,470 --> 00:17:21,010
So I'm probably at
a sixth grade math

376
00:17:21,010 --> 00:17:25,848
level for this kind of a video.

377
00:17:25,848 --> 00:17:28,280
And I completely had a
gap for me being like,

378
00:17:28,280 --> 00:17:30,125
I faintly recall
having studied fractals

379
00:17:30,125 --> 00:17:32,570
in my early middle school years.

380
00:17:32,570 --> 00:17:34,750
I remembered that it's
a pattern and I remember

381
00:17:34,750 --> 00:17:36,590
kind of what it looks like.

382
00:17:36,590 --> 00:17:40,080
I have no idea how
a mathematician goes

383
00:17:40,080 --> 00:17:45,330
from seeing a tree to being able
to break that into an equation,

384
00:17:45,330 --> 00:17:47,560
and what that would
even look like,

385
00:17:47,560 --> 00:17:50,450
or how it would--
that to me-- and how

386
00:17:50,450 --> 00:17:54,060
that becomes into a fractal.

387
00:17:54,060 --> 00:17:56,330
And to me, that's a
big mystery to me,

388
00:17:56,330 --> 00:17:59,180
that I don't want you
to explain everything

389
00:17:59,180 --> 00:18:02,123
because that would probably
be really boring, honestly.

390
00:18:02,123 --> 00:18:03,310
PROFESSOR: [INAUDIBLE]

391
00:18:03,310 --> 00:18:04,140
AUDIENCE: Totally.

392
00:18:04,140 --> 00:18:06,250
But if there's some
way, on a high level,

393
00:18:06,250 --> 00:18:12,490
explain what a mathematician
is doing in there,

394
00:18:12,490 --> 00:18:14,090
why would I study that?

395
00:18:14,090 --> 00:18:15,640
Like, the big
questions for me are

396
00:18:15,640 --> 00:18:18,210
like, why would I want
to study that tree?

397
00:18:18,210 --> 00:18:21,470
How would I go about doing it in
such a way that would bring me

398
00:18:21,470 --> 00:18:26,050
to some sort of
mathematical-- the why and the

399
00:18:26,050 --> 00:18:30,092
how is very interesting
to me in terms of what

400
00:18:30,092 --> 00:18:32,550
the mathematician's actually
doing and why they would do it

401
00:18:32,550 --> 00:18:35,280
and then how you would
apply that to other things.

402
00:18:35,280 --> 00:18:38,180
So I don't need you to go
into the whole equation,

403
00:18:38,180 --> 00:18:42,473
but I need to understand the
process that a mathematician

404
00:18:42,473 --> 00:18:43,181
would go through.

405
00:18:43,181 --> 00:18:44,882
I don't know if you
guys feel similarly.

406
00:18:44,882 --> 00:18:46,340
AUDIENCE: I was
thinking with that,

407
00:18:46,340 --> 00:18:49,050
what I was thinking
the whole time,

408
00:18:49,050 --> 00:18:52,220
I know it's not fractal
geometry or anything like that,

409
00:18:52,220 --> 00:18:54,470
but if you were to take--
you mentioned mountains,

410
00:18:54,470 --> 00:18:57,429
and just to describe
how they're doing this--

411
00:18:57,429 --> 00:18:59,970
because they know y equals mx
plus b in sixth, seventh grade.

412
00:18:59,970 --> 00:19:01,761
I think that's when
they start to learn it.

413
00:19:01,761 --> 00:19:05,567
So you could just put
like a slope of this line.

414
00:19:05,567 --> 00:19:06,900
It's described by this equation.

415
00:19:06,900 --> 00:19:09,070
And it described this
slope of a mountain.

416
00:19:09,070 --> 00:19:12,374
And that's kind of what it does,
just to a lot higher degree.

417
00:19:12,374 --> 00:19:13,790
I think that's
something that they

418
00:19:13,790 --> 00:19:16,215
would understand
what they already

419
00:19:16,215 --> 00:19:17,520
know with the math behind that.

420
00:19:17,520 --> 00:19:20,339
And it's just a little
bit more complex.

421
00:19:20,339 --> 00:19:22,630
And one part where I thought
that you could put that in

422
00:19:22,630 --> 00:19:25,580
is in scene three.

423
00:19:25,580 --> 00:19:29,040
So you just described fractals
as never-ending patterns.

424
00:19:29,040 --> 00:19:30,640
So I think there's
room there where

425
00:19:30,640 --> 00:19:33,128
you could kind of go into--
there's not even much

426
00:19:33,128 --> 00:19:34,253
rearranging you have to do.

427
00:19:34,253 --> 00:19:36,660
You could probably just
insert something right there.

428
00:19:36,660 --> 00:19:37,494
AUDIENCE: OK.

429
00:19:37,494 --> 00:19:39,452
Good to hear.

430
00:19:39,452 --> 00:19:40,952
AUDIENCE: I thought
there was really

431
00:19:40,952 --> 00:19:44,146
good examples that describe--
I thought it was pretty good.

432
00:19:44,146 --> 00:19:45,645
PROFESSOR: Nathan
brought up a point

433
00:19:45,645 --> 00:19:48,856
that I also had when I read
this script for the first time

434
00:19:48,856 --> 00:19:51,326
about having so many examples.

435
00:19:51,326 --> 00:19:53,737
Do you want to
explain that further?

436
00:19:53,737 --> 00:19:55,278
AUDIENCE: Well, just
at the beginning

437
00:19:55,278 --> 00:20:01,370
I thought that there are a lot
of different examples in a row

438
00:20:01,370 --> 00:20:04,210
that were really cool examples.

439
00:20:04,210 --> 00:20:06,497
But all of them, I
was like, each one I

440
00:20:06,497 --> 00:20:09,689
tried to stop and think,
well how is that a thing?

441
00:20:09,689 --> 00:20:10,671
How does that work.

442
00:20:10,671 --> 00:20:12,117
But then there's
another example.

443
00:20:12,117 --> 00:20:13,617
I just kind of got
a bit overloaded.

444
00:20:13,617 --> 00:20:15,590
AUDIENCE: OK.

445
00:20:15,590 --> 00:20:17,460
I think the animation
might help with that

446
00:20:17,460 --> 00:20:20,000
because where I talk
about rivers, blood

447
00:20:20,000 --> 00:20:22,700
vessels, and lightning
bolts, and honey,

448
00:20:22,700 --> 00:20:26,780
if you look at them from above,
like if you have pictures,

449
00:20:26,780 --> 00:20:28,610
they look very, very similar.

450
00:20:28,610 --> 00:20:34,150
So the idea is kind of
to show the similarity.

451
00:20:34,150 --> 00:20:41,656
I guess somebody mentioned that
the brain-shaped forest was

452
00:20:41,656 --> 00:20:42,780
kind of overkill with that.

453
00:20:42,780 --> 00:20:47,160
So I can definitely
understand that.

454
00:20:47,160 --> 00:20:49,470
PROFESSOR: I think that
they're good examples.

455
00:20:49,470 --> 00:20:52,530
But what might be
an issue here is

456
00:20:52,530 --> 00:20:56,620
that it's taking too long to
get to the bulk of the video.

457
00:20:56,620 --> 00:20:58,260
And this is something
that George and I

458
00:20:58,260 --> 00:21:01,690
were talking about, too, that
you have really three themes

459
00:21:01,690 --> 00:21:08,910
in this video, cancer cells,
nature, and cellphone lines.

460
00:21:08,910 --> 00:21:12,190
And I like how you open it with
what do all these things have

461
00:21:12,190 --> 00:21:12,830
in common.

462
00:21:12,830 --> 00:21:16,200
But there's honestly so much
to explore in each facet,

463
00:21:16,200 --> 00:21:19,250
that I'm wondering if you
should just really focus on one,

464
00:21:19,250 --> 00:21:22,150
like you had said earlier.

465
00:21:22,150 --> 00:21:25,190
Just because the thing that
I kept thinking about-- which

466
00:21:25,190 --> 00:21:27,050
is along the lines
of Nathan's thinking,

467
00:21:27,050 --> 00:21:29,090
and I mentioned it
in the comments,

468
00:21:29,090 --> 00:21:32,880
too-- but it really reads
like a BuzzFeed article almost

469
00:21:32,880 --> 00:21:35,040
at the beginning, with
all these examples.

470
00:21:35,040 --> 00:21:38,430
And I keep thinking about
how awesome of an article

471
00:21:38,430 --> 00:21:40,060
it would be with
like GIFs showing

472
00:21:40,060 --> 00:21:41,490
all these different things.

473
00:21:41,490 --> 00:21:43,870
But there's not enough
of a compelling reason

474
00:21:43,870 --> 00:21:45,510
to make a video
out of it, right?

475
00:21:45,510 --> 00:21:49,460
The whole story line of
what's his name, Nathan Cohen,

476
00:21:49,460 --> 00:21:51,840
is actually, I thought that
was really interesting.

477
00:21:51,840 --> 00:21:54,130
I don't know what
example you guys

478
00:21:54,130 --> 00:21:58,490
thought was the most compelling
to listen to or read.

479
00:21:58,490 --> 00:22:02,561
What did you guys feel
about the cancer cells or--

480
00:22:02,561 --> 00:22:05,120
AUDIENCE: From a
biologist's standpoint,

481
00:22:05,120 --> 00:22:09,655
exactly what your concerns are
with reducing the equations

482
00:22:09,655 --> 00:22:15,060
and math, that's what I felt you
did unintentionally with cancer

483
00:22:15,060 --> 00:22:18,822
cells, in that you have to
this really punchy statement,

484
00:22:18,822 --> 00:22:20,280
like this way of
discovering cancer

485
00:22:20,280 --> 00:22:22,085
can be about 10 times
more effective than

486
00:22:22,085 --> 00:22:23,080
the current methods.

487
00:22:23,080 --> 00:22:26,100
But coming from a
biology background,

488
00:22:26,100 --> 00:22:28,180
you cut out so
much in explaining

489
00:22:28,180 --> 00:22:32,690
how cancer is detected,
what are the current methods

490
00:22:32,690 --> 00:22:36,700
and comparing it to the fact
that the edges of the blubbing

491
00:22:36,700 --> 00:22:39,350
cells look like fractals
in the first place.

492
00:22:39,350 --> 00:22:42,350
And so for me this was
your weakest example.

493
00:22:42,350 --> 00:22:45,600
And I enjoyed
reading your script.

494
00:22:45,600 --> 00:22:47,297
And the other examples,
I feel like just

495
00:22:47,297 --> 00:22:49,630
because you spent more time
explaining them and fleshing

496
00:22:49,630 --> 00:22:53,175
them out, and you have, I think
from your background, a better

497
00:22:53,175 --> 00:22:56,425
understanding of the
Nathan Cohen story.

498
00:22:56,425 --> 00:22:58,980
They just sounded like
stronger examples.

499
00:22:58,980 --> 00:23:02,700
So in my opinion, cut out the
cancer even though it's cool

500
00:23:02,700 --> 00:23:05,050
and cancer is a
very hot topic right

501
00:23:05,050 --> 00:23:08,260
now in all fields of study.

502
00:23:08,260 --> 00:23:11,700
I think people will get more out
of your video and more focused

503
00:23:11,700 --> 00:23:15,345
point if you choose
fewer stories to tell.

504
00:23:15,345 --> 00:23:16,970
AUDIENCE: And by
doing so, you actually

505
00:23:16,970 --> 00:23:20,210
allow yourself to be able to
allude to the cancer topic

506
00:23:20,210 --> 00:23:22,210
without diving into it.

507
00:23:22,210 --> 00:23:24,530
If you pick the Nathan
story, for instance,

508
00:23:24,530 --> 00:23:29,280
and you go more deeply into
explaining more of the meat

509
00:23:29,280 --> 00:23:32,050
that we're talking
about, it doesn't

510
00:23:32,050 --> 00:23:36,172
mean that you don't get to
mention how fractals could have

511
00:23:36,172 --> 00:23:38,130
an impact on cancer, right?

512
00:23:38,130 --> 00:23:40,042
It doesn't give
you the same depth,

513
00:23:40,042 --> 00:23:43,090
but it's easier to
apply the concept

514
00:23:43,090 --> 00:23:46,160
when you understand
something deeply in that way.

515
00:23:46,160 --> 00:23:47,092
If that makes sense.

516
00:23:47,092 --> 00:23:49,336
AUDIENCE: Yeah, it
does make sense.

517
00:23:49,336 --> 00:23:51,210
PROFESSOR: I think in
general, and again this

518
00:23:51,210 --> 00:23:53,740
is sort of something that I
saw with a lot of scripts,

519
00:23:53,740 --> 00:23:56,880
it's a lot of breadth
and not enough depth.

520
00:23:56,880 --> 00:24:00,110
So lots of examples,
but sort of shallowly

521
00:24:00,110 --> 00:24:01,997
sitting on top of them.

522
00:24:01,997 --> 00:24:04,080
I think this is an opportunity
to really challenge

523
00:24:04,080 --> 00:24:06,540
your audience and teach them
something really substantive

524
00:24:06,540 --> 00:24:08,210
that they're not going
to get in school.

525
00:24:08,210 --> 00:24:10,030
And you can do that
through the example.

526
00:24:10,030 --> 00:24:11,990
And I think there's a
lot that you can cut out.

527
00:24:11,990 --> 00:24:14,770
And again, we've noted
them on the annotation

528
00:24:14,770 --> 00:24:16,770
so you can see exactly
what we're talking about.

529
00:24:16,770 --> 00:24:19,630
But if you really rely
on showing not telling,

530
00:24:19,630 --> 00:24:22,300
for example scene nine where
you're describing rivers

531
00:24:22,300 --> 00:24:24,030
of the planet, the
brain-shape forest,

532
00:24:24,030 --> 00:24:26,840
like you don't even have
to say any of those things

533
00:24:26,840 --> 00:24:28,260
if you have the images pop up.

534
00:24:28,260 --> 00:24:32,350
Like there are lots of pattern
fractal patterns in nature,

535
00:24:32,350 --> 00:24:39,050
like in rivers, anatomy,
the sky, honey, right?

536
00:24:39,050 --> 00:24:41,260
Like you've reduced
an entire scene down

537
00:24:41,260 --> 00:24:43,870
to basically five words there.

538
00:24:46,920 --> 00:24:49,340
The other thing I
wanted to mentioned,

539
00:24:49,340 --> 00:24:51,987
because this is sort of a
tool that anyone can use,

540
00:24:51,987 --> 00:24:53,570
we talk a lot about
the reveal, right?

541
00:24:53,570 --> 00:24:55,778
So Chris was talking about
how you can use the camera

542
00:24:55,778 --> 00:24:56,750
to make a reveal.

543
00:24:56,750 --> 00:24:58,620
You have a really good
set up for a reveal

544
00:24:58,620 --> 00:24:59,690
in the first scene.

545
00:24:59,690 --> 00:25:01,400
What do x, y, z have in common.

546
00:25:01,400 --> 00:25:04,554
That's pretty much exactly how
the plants video was set up.

547
00:25:04,554 --> 00:25:06,720
What do all these chemical
compounds have in common?

548
00:25:06,720 --> 00:25:08,450
They all come from plants.

549
00:25:08,450 --> 00:25:13,390
And the reveal is that all
these unfamiliar things

550
00:25:13,390 --> 00:25:15,680
come from a familiar thing.

551
00:25:15,680 --> 00:25:17,610
Here you've got sort
of the reverse set up.

552
00:25:17,610 --> 00:25:20,210
You have all of
these familiar things

553
00:25:20,210 --> 00:25:22,880
come from an unfamiliar thing.

554
00:25:22,880 --> 00:25:26,200
And I don't think a reveal
works as well, necessarily,

555
00:25:26,200 --> 00:25:29,220
when you've got that
set up, because people

556
00:25:29,220 --> 00:25:32,360
don't know what a fractal is.

557
00:25:32,360 --> 00:25:35,150
And so if you maybe switch
scenes three and two,

558
00:25:35,150 --> 00:25:37,280
or maybe get rid of scene
two, and just go straight

559
00:25:37,280 --> 00:25:39,840
to seem three, the
answer are never

560
00:25:39,840 --> 00:25:46,080
ending patterns seen in nature
and math called fractals.

561
00:25:46,080 --> 00:25:50,260
That's like a subtle
nuance, but a reveal set up

562
00:25:50,260 --> 00:25:53,510
to where you lead with
a set of familiar,

563
00:25:53,510 --> 00:25:57,840
and then you reveal what the
punchline of an unfamiliar.

564
00:25:57,840 --> 00:26:00,820
It doesn't work as
well, necessarily,

565
00:26:00,820 --> 00:26:03,630
because the response
is going to be "what"

566
00:26:03,630 --> 00:26:05,641
instead of oh, whoa, plants.

567
00:26:05,641 --> 00:26:06,140
You know?

568
00:26:11,160 --> 00:26:12,410
AUDIENCE: Can I add one thing?

569
00:26:12,410 --> 00:26:14,700
PROFESSOR: Yeah, of course.

570
00:26:14,700 --> 00:26:20,870
We talked about how the math
stuff was really complicated.

571
00:26:20,870 --> 00:26:23,280
I feel like this--
maybe I'm way out

572
00:26:23,280 --> 00:26:25,780
in left field with this one--
but I feel like as soon as you

573
00:26:25,780 --> 00:26:28,600
feel like you're in
that zone of being like,

574
00:26:28,600 --> 00:26:31,295
oh, I know a lot about this and
it would be really hard for me

575
00:26:31,295 --> 00:26:33,630
to figure out how to share
this with my audience, then

576
00:26:33,630 --> 00:26:36,370
to me, that's our negative
truth is with these videos,

577
00:26:36,370 --> 00:26:39,600
is figuring out how to share
those complicated ideas

578
00:26:39,600 --> 00:26:41,097
with the lay-audience.

579
00:26:41,097 --> 00:26:42,930
As soon as you're in
that uncomfortable zone

580
00:26:42,930 --> 00:26:44,580
and being like, I
know a lot about this

581
00:26:44,580 --> 00:26:49,380
and it's complicated,
that's where the truth is.

582
00:26:49,380 --> 00:26:49,930
That's it.

583
00:26:49,930 --> 00:26:51,846
That's our gift that
we're offering the world,

584
00:26:51,846 --> 00:26:54,050
is how can you simplify
a complicated idea

585
00:26:54,050 --> 00:26:55,410
for the public.

586
00:26:55,410 --> 00:26:57,809
So if you're in that
discomfort place,

587
00:26:57,809 --> 00:26:59,350
I fell like we need
to live in there.

588
00:26:59,350 --> 00:27:01,240
That's our zone.

589
00:27:01,240 --> 00:27:02,448
That's just the way I see it.

590
00:27:05,346 --> 00:27:06,720
AUDIENCE: Would
it help if like--

591
00:27:06,720 --> 00:27:08,964
because I feel like
I'm very curious of all

592
00:27:08,964 --> 00:27:10,900
the fractals
[INAUDIBLE], would it

593
00:27:10,900 --> 00:27:13,850
help if [INAUDIBLE]
explained it.

594
00:27:13,850 --> 00:27:16,429
When she said
[INAUDIBLE], I just

595
00:27:16,429 --> 00:27:18,549
couldn't stop thinking about it.

596
00:27:18,549 --> 00:27:21,375
[INAUDIBLE]

597
00:27:21,375 --> 00:27:24,280
AUDIENCE: Yeah, it's up
to Julia to figure out

598
00:27:24,280 --> 00:27:27,687
what style helps her the
best, whether talking it

599
00:27:27,687 --> 00:27:31,560
out or writing it out or
what is your tool that's

600
00:27:31,560 --> 00:27:35,810
going to help you to get
that complicated idea shared.

601
00:27:35,810 --> 00:27:37,930
And that's each of your
challenges to figure out

602
00:27:37,930 --> 00:27:38,770
your own learning.

603
00:27:38,770 --> 00:27:41,180
To figure out how
do you go into that

604
00:27:41,180 --> 00:27:43,682
challenging place and figure
out how to simplify it.

605
00:27:43,682 --> 00:27:46,240
And if it's talking it
out, then that's great.

606
00:27:46,240 --> 00:27:51,470
But maybe it's not for
Julia, I don't know.

607
00:27:51,470 --> 00:27:54,310
PROFESSOR: I also wanted to
use your script as an example

608
00:27:54,310 --> 00:27:58,520
to talk about a broader
thing that everyone can use,

609
00:27:58,520 --> 00:28:02,840
which is how you set up
things with your intonation.

610
00:28:02,840 --> 00:28:09,580
So people generally
associate emphasizing things

611
00:28:09,580 --> 00:28:13,940
with emphasizing your voice.

612
00:28:13,940 --> 00:28:16,770
At first-- this is scene 12--
at first the image didn't

613
00:28:16,770 --> 00:28:17,580
look too special.

614
00:28:17,580 --> 00:28:20,070
In fact, it kind of resembled
a turtle with a giant head.

615
00:28:20,070 --> 00:28:22,195
But it wasn't until nighttime
that he looked closer

616
00:28:22,195 --> 00:28:23,160
and he zoomed in.

617
00:28:23,160 --> 00:28:25,287
And there was a smaller
one and a smaller one.

618
00:28:25,287 --> 00:28:27,120
And he thought they
were all the same shape.

619
00:28:27,120 --> 00:28:28,340
And he had a nightmare.

620
00:28:28,340 --> 00:28:32,020
Like that's sort
of the default way

621
00:28:32,020 --> 00:28:35,570
that we try to bring focus
onto a natural subject

622
00:28:35,570 --> 00:28:37,000
when we're hosting.

623
00:28:37,000 --> 00:28:42,050
But you can play a lot with
emphasizing with the smaller

624
00:28:42,050 --> 00:28:43,990
voice, if that makes sense.

625
00:28:43,990 --> 00:28:47,149
So instead of saying he
zoomed in on a smaller one,

626
00:28:47,149 --> 00:28:48,690
and a smaller one,
and a smaller one.

627
00:28:48,690 --> 00:28:50,430
And then he had a nightmare.

628
00:28:50,430 --> 00:28:53,232
You can emphasize the
weirdness by pulling back

629
00:28:53,232 --> 00:28:54,190
at an unexpected point.

630
00:28:54,190 --> 00:28:57,230
He zoomed in and he saw a
smaller one, and a smaller

631
00:28:57,230 --> 00:29:00,070
one, and then a smaller one.

632
00:29:00,070 --> 00:29:03,510
Those are two different types
of deliveries that you can use.

633
00:29:03,510 --> 00:29:06,480
But you don't
always have to rely

634
00:29:06,480 --> 00:29:12,220
on using your volume and sort
of the brashness of your voice

635
00:29:12,220 --> 00:29:13,930
to emphasize certain
topics, because it

636
00:29:13,930 --> 00:29:16,020
gets a little repetitive
over the course

637
00:29:16,020 --> 00:29:17,600
of the entire episode.

638
00:29:17,600 --> 00:29:20,360
So you can do that
for certain sentences,

639
00:29:20,360 --> 00:29:23,490
but for others, really
play up the power

640
00:29:23,490 --> 00:29:27,550
of actually a quiet volume
and an unexpected pull back

641
00:29:27,550 --> 00:29:29,710
that also draws attention too.

642
00:29:29,710 --> 00:29:32,680
Does that makes sense to people?

643
00:29:32,680 --> 00:29:36,830
OK, does that give you
enough to work with?

644
00:29:36,830 --> 00:29:37,610
AUDIENCE: Yes.

645
00:29:37,610 --> 00:29:39,443
PROFESSOR: I think it's
a really good start.

646
00:29:39,443 --> 00:29:42,610
And again, let me know if you
guys disagree, but I think

647
00:29:42,610 --> 00:29:44,530
that if you jump into
the meat of your episode

648
00:29:44,530 --> 00:29:48,950
a little bit earlier, really
dive into the Nathan Cohen

649
00:29:48,950 --> 00:29:52,930
story, you can use the
anecdotes to actually explain

650
00:29:52,930 --> 00:29:55,180
some of the things
instead of having

651
00:29:55,180 --> 00:29:59,030
to take whole scenes to go
over concepts with an analogy

652
00:29:59,030 --> 00:30:01,321
that you don't need necessarily.

653
00:30:01,321 --> 00:30:02,945
AUDIENCE: Yeah, I
definitely hear that.

654
00:30:02,945 --> 00:30:04,927
That makes a lot of
sense. [INAUDIBLE].

655
00:30:04,927 --> 00:30:06,760
PROFESSOR: And just so
you know, I timed it.

656
00:30:06,760 --> 00:30:09,650
And took you five minutes
to read through the script.

657
00:30:09,650 --> 00:30:12,040
And I would give yourselves
about a minute buffer

658
00:30:12,040 --> 00:30:14,810
room on top of however long it
takes you to read the script

659
00:30:14,810 --> 00:30:16,800
and even describe the scenes.

660
00:30:16,800 --> 00:30:21,190
Because with b-roll
and with cuts,

661
00:30:21,190 --> 00:30:24,090
you're going to have a little
more time that your video is

662
00:30:24,090 --> 00:30:26,190
going to last, in addition
to the time it takes

663
00:30:26,190 --> 00:30:29,090
for you to read the script.

664
00:30:29,090 --> 00:30:31,620
All right, does anyone
want to go next?

665
00:30:36,850 --> 00:30:41,970
How about, the top
one on the list.

666
00:30:41,970 --> 00:30:46,750
Why do some people handle
the cold better than others?

667
00:30:46,750 --> 00:30:48,107
So this is David.

668
00:30:48,107 --> 00:30:50,690
And did you change the script
at all since last time I saw it?

669
00:30:56,810 --> 00:31:02,520
DAVID: So my idea was-- I
added some more research,

670
00:31:02,520 --> 00:31:06,125
to make it more [INAUDIBLE].

671
00:31:06,125 --> 00:31:10,837
But I also think that maybe
the wording in it is not ideal.

672
00:31:10,837 --> 00:31:12,920
PROFESSOR: Wording is
definitely the easiest thing

673
00:31:12,920 --> 00:31:14,667
to address in editing.

674
00:31:14,667 --> 00:31:17,000
So why don't you just go ahead
and read the script aloud

675
00:31:17,000 --> 00:31:17,500
to us.

676
00:31:17,500 --> 00:31:19,409
And if everyone can
pull their laptops down.

677
00:31:23,720 --> 00:31:25,320
DAVID: So why do
people handle cold--

678
00:31:25,320 --> 00:31:28,020
why do some people handle
cold better than others?

679
00:31:28,020 --> 00:31:30,870
Why do some people need to where
lots of layers, where others

680
00:31:30,870 --> 00:31:32,350
feel fine in running shorts.

681
00:31:32,350 --> 00:31:35,040
What makes all the difference?

682
00:31:35,040 --> 00:31:36,400
Imagine a giant furnace.

683
00:31:36,400 --> 00:31:39,330
To generate more heat, we
need to burn more coal.

684
00:31:39,330 --> 00:31:41,860
Now imagine your body
as this giant furnace.

685
00:31:41,860 --> 00:31:43,860
Our metabolism is the fire.

686
00:31:43,860 --> 00:31:46,550
And sugars, which are broken
down carbohydrates [INAUDIBLE],

687
00:31:46,550 --> 00:31:48,050
are the coals.

688
00:31:48,050 --> 00:31:50,730
Inside your cells, the sugars
are burned by mitochondria

689
00:31:50,730 --> 00:31:53,650
to produce heat and
ATP, a molecule that

690
00:31:53,650 --> 00:31:56,470
starts and releases energy
as required by the cell.

691
00:31:56,470 --> 00:31:59,750
To generate more heat for one,
our bodies burn more sugars.

692
00:31:59,750 --> 00:32:01,670
This the first way
we deal with cold.

693
00:32:01,670 --> 00:32:03,350
The second way we
react to cold is

694
00:32:03,350 --> 00:32:07,645
that our blood is restricted
by the other-- our blood is

695
00:32:07,645 --> 00:32:10,460
restricted through
the other organs.

696
00:32:10,460 --> 00:32:13,270
The blood circulatory
system exits highways

697
00:32:13,270 --> 00:32:14,510
to the different organs.

698
00:32:14,510 --> 00:32:16,770
Imagine [INAUDIBLE] trucks
carrying oxygen and heat

699
00:32:16,770 --> 00:32:18,440
to the organs.

700
00:32:18,440 --> 00:32:20,280
As the speed of the
trucks is higher,

701
00:32:20,280 --> 00:32:22,880
more heat falls out and is
lost to the surroundings,

702
00:32:22,880 --> 00:32:27,270
hence our body slows
down the flow of blood

703
00:32:27,270 --> 00:32:29,000
by tightening the blood vessels.

704
00:32:29,000 --> 00:32:32,450
It is the same way as squeezing
a lane on the highway.

705
00:32:32,450 --> 00:32:35,670
The third way is during
more extreme case of cold.

706
00:32:35,670 --> 00:32:38,360
Our body results to quick
skeletal muscle contractions,

707
00:32:38,360 --> 00:32:41,140
called shivering, in an
intent to create warmth

708
00:32:41,140 --> 00:32:43,460
by expending energy.

709
00:32:43,460 --> 00:32:46,610
It turns out that our bodies
aren't always equally created.

710
00:32:46,610 --> 00:32:48,930
A team of California
geneticists,

711
00:32:48,930 --> 00:32:51,240
led by Doctor Douglas C.
Wallace of the University

712
00:32:51,240 --> 00:32:54,500
of California, has found that
many of the world's people

713
00:32:54,500 --> 00:32:56,370
are genetically
adapted to the cold

714
00:32:56,370 --> 00:32:58,600
because their ancestors
lived in northern climates

715
00:32:58,600 --> 00:33:00,030
during the ice age.

716
00:33:00,030 --> 00:33:03,120
This is a very big
chuck [INAUDIBLE].

717
00:33:03,120 --> 00:33:06,366
The genetic change affects
basic body metabolism.

718
00:33:06,366 --> 00:33:07,990
The genetic adaptation
is still carried

719
00:33:07,990 --> 00:33:10,550
by many northern
Europeans, East Asians,

720
00:33:10,550 --> 00:33:13,640
and American Indians,
most of whose ancestors

721
00:33:13,640 --> 00:33:15,370
once lived Serbia.

722
00:33:15,370 --> 00:33:18,170
But is absent from
people native to Africa.

723
00:33:18,170 --> 00:33:20,570
The genetic change
affects the mitochondria,

724
00:33:20,570 --> 00:33:24,110
causing it to generate more
heat and less chemical energy,

725
00:33:24,110 --> 00:33:26,200
which was very helpful
to early ancestors trying

726
00:33:26,200 --> 00:33:28,484
to survive the cold.

727
00:33:28,484 --> 00:33:30,150
Other than our genetic
make up affecting

728
00:33:30,150 --> 00:33:32,270
how much we can
withstand the cold,

729
00:33:32,270 --> 00:33:35,939
our physical makeup also plays
a part in our resist to cold.

730
00:33:35,939 --> 00:33:38,480
We lose heat to the environment
through convection of the air

731
00:33:38,480 --> 00:33:40,019
surrounding our bodies.

732
00:33:40,019 --> 00:33:42,060
When there's a greater
difference in temperature,

733
00:33:42,060 --> 00:33:46,620
or more surface area exposed,
there's a greater heat loss.

734
00:33:46,620 --> 00:33:49,000
We can slow down this process
by reducing the surface

735
00:33:49,000 --> 00:33:51,400
area in contact with
the cold surface

736
00:33:51,400 --> 00:33:54,630
or by increasing thermal
resistance by insulation.

737
00:33:54,630 --> 00:33:58,549
In 1877, American
biologist [INAUDIBLE]

738
00:33:58,549 --> 00:34:00,090
showed that the
length of one's limbs

739
00:34:00,090 --> 00:34:02,700
affected the amount of heat
lost to the environment.

740
00:34:02,700 --> 00:34:04,880
Bodies with stockier
frames and shorter arms

741
00:34:04,880 --> 00:34:07,240
mean less surface area
exposed to the cold.

742
00:34:07,240 --> 00:34:09,280
This is so men with
smaller bodies,

743
00:34:09,280 --> 00:34:12,659
which have more surface area to
volume, lose heat more rapidly.

744
00:34:12,659 --> 00:34:15,080
Fat, which acts
as an insulation,

745
00:34:15,080 --> 00:34:16,969
helps increase
thermal resistance,

746
00:34:16,969 --> 00:34:19,199
making one lose heat
at a slower rate.

747
00:34:19,199 --> 00:34:21,520
Thus more people with--
[INAUDIBLE] people

748
00:34:21,520 --> 00:34:25,678
with a healthy [INAUDIBLE] will
be able to withstand the cold.

749
00:34:25,678 --> 00:34:27,469
Other than our genetic
and physical makeup,

750
00:34:27,469 --> 00:34:30,370
there's one more way to
resist the cold, meditation.

751
00:34:30,370 --> 00:34:32,810
Introducing Wim Hof
from the Netherlands.

752
00:34:32,810 --> 00:34:36,100
In 2009 he completed a full
marathon in temperatures

753
00:34:36,100 --> 00:34:38,250
below minus 30 degrees
Celsius, dressed

754
00:34:38,250 --> 00:34:40,070
in nothing but his shorts.

755
00:34:40,070 --> 00:34:43,219
Wim Hof is aptly named
Iceman for his ability

756
00:34:43,219 --> 00:34:45,870
to withstand extreme cold
conditions by turning up

757
00:34:45,870 --> 00:34:48,210
internal thermostat of his mind.

758
00:34:48,210 --> 00:34:50,830
Wim Hof practices
geothermal meditation

759
00:34:50,830 --> 00:34:52,380
that allows his
body to produce more

760
00:34:52,380 --> 00:34:53,880
heat than the average person.

761
00:34:53,880 --> 00:34:58,610
Now this sounds wishy-washy
and non-scientific,

762
00:34:58,610 --> 00:35:03,010
but a team of researchers, led
by associate professor Maria

763
00:35:03,010 --> 00:35:07,450
[INAUDIBLE], from the
department of psychology at NUS,

764
00:35:07,450 --> 00:35:09,215
faculty of arts
and social science,

765
00:35:09,215 --> 00:35:10,590
showed for the
first time that it

766
00:35:10,590 --> 00:35:12,860
is possible for the
core body temperature

767
00:35:12,860 --> 00:35:14,340
to be controlled by the brain.

768
00:35:14,340 --> 00:35:16,740
The scientists found that core
body temperature increases

769
00:35:16,740 --> 00:35:19,250
can be achieved using certain
meditation techniques.

770
00:35:19,250 --> 00:35:22,720
A second study was conducted
with Western participants who

771
00:35:22,720 --> 00:35:26,090
use a breathing technique of the
geothermal meditative practice.

772
00:35:26,090 --> 00:35:28,050
They were able to
increase their core body

773
00:35:28,050 --> 00:35:30,880
temperature within limits.

774
00:35:30,880 --> 00:35:33,320
Now that we understand our
genetic and physical makeup,

775
00:35:33,320 --> 00:35:35,525
and how it affects
resistance the cold, as well

776
00:35:35,525 --> 00:35:37,947
as how to combat the cold,
maybe if the next Ice Age

777
00:35:37,947 --> 00:35:40,530
were to come, you will better
be able to withstand and survive

778
00:35:40,530 --> 00:35:41,030
it.

779
00:35:46,370 --> 00:35:48,650
PROFESSOR: Now, so we'll
all go look at his script

780
00:35:48,650 --> 00:35:53,710
and-- actually,
maybe this time we

781
00:35:53,710 --> 00:35:56,960
can talk more of the feedback
and you can take notes,

782
00:35:56,960 --> 00:36:00,190
because you took a little
longer than I thought it would.

783
00:36:00,190 --> 00:36:03,250
So I just want to leave
enough time for everyone.

784
00:36:03,250 --> 00:36:05,772
But a quick note, when
you guys read your scripts

785
00:36:05,772 --> 00:36:07,230
during the table
read, read it like

786
00:36:07,230 --> 00:36:08,890
you would actually host it.

787
00:36:08,890 --> 00:36:11,170
You clocked in at
exactly five minutes,

788
00:36:11,170 --> 00:36:15,920
but you read a lot faster
than you talk normally.

789
00:36:15,920 --> 00:36:20,310
And when people read, they often
have the exact same intonation

790
00:36:20,310 --> 00:36:21,880
structure when they
read a sentence.

791
00:36:21,880 --> 00:36:25,370
Which is to go, this is how
I'm reading this sentence.

792
00:36:25,370 --> 00:36:27,690
I'm reading it, and my
tone goes down at the end.

793
00:36:27,690 --> 00:36:30,273
I'm reading the next sentence,
and it's going down at the end.

794
00:36:30,273 --> 00:36:33,140
And so every single
sentence sounds the same.

795
00:36:33,140 --> 00:36:35,940
Does that makes sense?

796
00:36:35,940 --> 00:36:39,070
And when you do that-- and
I know that you're just

797
00:36:39,070 --> 00:36:40,970
reading off of the
script, but it's a habit

798
00:36:40,970 --> 00:36:43,350
that everyone falls into.

799
00:36:43,350 --> 00:36:45,109
When you do that,
it makes it very,

800
00:36:45,109 --> 00:36:47,150
very evident that you're
working off of a script.

801
00:36:47,150 --> 00:36:49,566
When you talk in real life,
you have different intonations

802
00:36:49,566 --> 00:36:50,520
in your voice.

803
00:36:50,520 --> 00:36:51,160
You go up.

804
00:36:51,160 --> 00:36:53,620
You take kind of pauses.

805
00:36:53,620 --> 00:36:55,900
Your voice goes down at
the end of some sentences.

806
00:36:55,900 --> 00:37:00,460
Sometimes it goes up if
you're asking a question.

807
00:37:00,460 --> 00:37:03,780
But when you're reading
verbatim from text,

808
00:37:03,780 --> 00:37:07,340
your intonation tends to
fall into the habit of having

809
00:37:07,340 --> 00:37:09,070
the same intonation structure.

810
00:37:09,070 --> 00:37:10,370
So just be mindful of that.

811
00:37:10,370 --> 00:37:11,930
And for people who
are going next,

812
00:37:11,930 --> 00:37:13,690
really try to read
your script as you

813
00:37:13,690 --> 00:37:15,880
would present in the video.

814
00:37:18,970 --> 00:37:20,220
So that was just a quick note.

815
00:37:20,220 --> 00:37:24,590
Now how about everyone just
read through the script.

816
00:37:24,590 --> 00:37:26,510
Don't worry about commenting.

817
00:37:26,510 --> 00:37:29,410
And then we'll all just sort
of do live comment feedback

818
00:37:29,410 --> 00:37:31,570
on this one.

819
00:37:31,570 --> 00:37:36,940
OK, so I think this script
has similar strengths

820
00:37:36,940 --> 00:37:40,110
as Julia's in that you have a
lot of very specific examples.

821
00:37:40,110 --> 00:37:44,550
But I think it also
struggles with having

822
00:37:44,550 --> 00:37:47,410
a hodgepodge of anecdotes,
and not necessarily

823
00:37:47,410 --> 00:37:52,440
a real, unifying,
noticeable theme.

824
00:37:52,440 --> 00:37:54,840
My big question
about this script

825
00:37:54,840 --> 00:37:58,040
is, is your theme more
about why some people feel

826
00:37:58,040 --> 00:38:00,510
more comfortable in the cold
or why some people would

827
00:38:00,510 --> 00:38:01,755
survive better in the cold?

828
00:38:01,755 --> 00:38:03,130
Because that's a
point that Jamie

829
00:38:03,130 --> 00:38:05,057
brought up in the last class.

830
00:38:05,057 --> 00:38:06,430
DAVID: The second.

831
00:38:06,430 --> 00:38:07,910
PROFESSOR: The second.

832
00:38:07,910 --> 00:38:12,480
Because what I don't understand
is how these specific examples

833
00:38:12,480 --> 00:38:16,300
actually imply better
survival in the cold,

834
00:38:16,300 --> 00:38:21,200
because they're all about
you burn more energy

835
00:38:21,200 --> 00:38:22,870
to produce more heat.

836
00:38:22,870 --> 00:38:28,820
But are some people's
genetic makeup actually--

837
00:38:28,820 --> 00:38:31,560
does it make them more prone
to surviving in the cold?

838
00:38:31,560 --> 00:38:34,712
Or does it just make them
more comfortable in the cold?

839
00:38:34,712 --> 00:38:36,170
DAVID: Some people's
genetic makeup

840
00:38:36,170 --> 00:38:40,720
allows them to create
more heat, and therefore

841
00:38:40,720 --> 00:38:41,921
better survive the cold.

842
00:38:41,921 --> 00:38:43,670
Which is what makes
them more comfortable.

843
00:38:43,670 --> 00:38:45,950
[INAUDIBLE]

844
00:38:45,950 --> 00:38:49,520
PROFESSOR: But the way
you open up the video,

845
00:38:49,520 --> 00:38:54,160
it kind of implies why do some
people wear a lot of layers

846
00:38:54,160 --> 00:38:56,060
while other people
can go running.

847
00:38:56,060 --> 00:38:59,430
Are you implying that the
people who go running in shorts

848
00:38:59,430 --> 00:39:03,229
could survive being
out in the cold longer?

849
00:39:03,229 --> 00:39:04,020
DAVID: [INAUDIBLE].

850
00:39:04,020 --> 00:39:06,850
They are able to do that
because-- maybe because

851
00:39:06,850 --> 00:39:09,500
of the reasons
below, maybe they're

852
00:39:09,500 --> 00:39:13,820
genetic makeup is predisposed
to better withstand the cold.

853
00:39:13,820 --> 00:39:16,110
Or maybe they have
a physical makeup

854
00:39:16,110 --> 00:39:19,540
that is just there
that helps them to do.

855
00:39:19,540 --> 00:39:21,980
PROFESSOR: But is that
scientifically proven?

856
00:39:21,980 --> 00:39:23,940
DAVID: Yeah.

857
00:39:23,940 --> 00:39:29,230
Based on the-- I
cited the documents,

858
00:39:29,230 --> 00:39:30,956
the scientific study.

859
00:39:30,956 --> 00:39:33,330
PROFESSOR: Because to me, I
don't know how you guys feel,

860
00:39:33,330 --> 00:39:35,705
but to me, that's actually
not established with the facts

861
00:39:35,705 --> 00:39:38,337
that you've given.

862
00:39:38,337 --> 00:39:40,420
Like if you took the person
who was wearing shorts

863
00:39:40,420 --> 00:39:42,294
running and the person
who was wearing a coat

864
00:39:42,294 --> 00:39:45,040
and you stuck them in
Antarctica, would the person

865
00:39:45,040 --> 00:39:47,974
who was wearing
shorts live longer?

866
00:39:47,974 --> 00:39:49,640
I mean the person who
was wearing shorts

867
00:39:49,640 --> 00:39:51,540
wouldn't complain
as soon, right?

868
00:39:51,540 --> 00:39:54,450
The person who
bundles up, they'd

869
00:39:54,450 --> 00:39:56,790
complain about being cold,
but would they necessarily

870
00:39:56,790 --> 00:39:57,470
die first?

871
00:39:59,954 --> 00:40:02,120
AUDIENCE: Yeah, [INAUDIBLE]
while you were talking I

872
00:40:02,120 --> 00:40:02,987
put on my jacket.

873
00:40:07,070 --> 00:40:08,850
AUDIENCE: Like I
have seen stuff.

874
00:40:08,850 --> 00:40:11,747
I mean-- and I
know whatever I've

875
00:40:11,747 --> 00:40:14,330
seen there's probably a million
things out there to debate it,

876
00:40:14,330 --> 00:40:19,040
but if people are in hypothermic
conditions-- and this kind

877
00:40:19,040 --> 00:40:21,877
of alludes to the
metaphysical, I

878
00:40:21,877 --> 00:40:24,460
guess, like that aspect of you
talking about with the marathon

879
00:40:24,460 --> 00:40:30,030
runner-- some people are able
to make their core temperature

880
00:40:30,030 --> 00:40:33,710
warmer than it would be in
just like ambient temperature,

881
00:40:33,710 --> 00:40:36,090
if they're actually in
a colder environment.

882
00:40:36,090 --> 00:40:37,690
I have seen stuff like that.

883
00:40:37,690 --> 00:40:40,340
What I thought would be
cool with that piece,

884
00:40:40,340 --> 00:40:42,320
though, was if at
the beginning you

885
00:40:42,320 --> 00:40:44,770
say why do some people handle
the cold better than others,

886
00:40:44,770 --> 00:40:46,540
well, it's all these questions.

887
00:40:46,540 --> 00:40:49,890
But if you introduced
with like, in 2009,

888
00:40:49,890 --> 00:40:52,560
whoever ran this marathon
and he was wearing shorts.

889
00:40:52,560 --> 00:40:56,460
Like how was he able to do that.

890
00:40:56,460 --> 00:41:00,040
That way I think you're
taking out that first chunk

891
00:41:00,040 --> 00:41:02,685
and you're replacing it with
what you already have in there.

892
00:41:02,685 --> 00:41:04,280
So you're shortening
it a little bit.

893
00:41:04,280 --> 00:41:08,581
And I think it's more of an
interesting introduction.

894
00:41:08,581 --> 00:41:10,205
Because that's the
stuff that I thought

895
00:41:10,205 --> 00:41:11,663
was really interesting,
is like how

896
00:41:11,663 --> 00:41:14,820
are people able to do this
and scientists study them

897
00:41:14,820 --> 00:41:19,200
and whatever your facts are.

898
00:41:19,200 --> 00:41:20,590
PROFESSOR: Yeah, I agree.

899
00:41:20,590 --> 00:41:22,550
I think it's a much
more compelling opening

900
00:41:22,550 --> 00:41:26,950
than why do some people
wear shorts outside.

901
00:41:26,950 --> 00:41:30,000
So basically moving scene
3C to the beginning.

902
00:41:36,170 --> 00:41:37,432
Go ahead, Julia.

903
00:41:37,432 --> 00:41:40,786
AUDIENCE: The way that
the scene 3C is currently

904
00:41:40,786 --> 00:41:43,762
placed it almost seems like
the odd one out because it

905
00:41:43,762 --> 00:41:45,746
talks about meditation.

906
00:41:45,746 --> 00:41:48,230
So if you did start with it,
that would be really cool.

907
00:41:48,230 --> 00:41:52,656
But also maybe replacing the
word meditation with you're

908
00:41:52,656 --> 00:41:54,644
controlling something
with your brain,

909
00:41:54,644 --> 00:41:59,320
just so it seems more like a
scientifically-related concept.

910
00:41:59,320 --> 00:42:03,865
And the also,
another thing is you

911
00:42:03,865 --> 00:42:06,910
name a lot of
scientists and dates.

912
00:42:06,910 --> 00:42:11,580
So maybe you could talk about
those experiments but not,

913
00:42:11,580 --> 00:42:14,840
name, people or locations.

914
00:42:14,840 --> 00:42:16,798
That might make it
easier because then you

915
00:42:16,798 --> 00:42:19,990
don't have to think about
California and Northern Europe

916
00:42:19,990 --> 00:42:25,401
in the same sentence that
mean different things.

917
00:42:25,401 --> 00:42:27,526
PROFESSOR: Nathan, were
you going to say something?

918
00:42:27,526 --> 00:42:30,998
AUDIENCE: I actually think
it's more of the second scene.

919
00:42:30,998 --> 00:42:32,810
I feel like the
second scene is kind

920
00:42:32,810 --> 00:42:37,960
of explaining on a cellular
level and anatomic level

921
00:42:37,960 --> 00:42:41,800
how we stay warm.

922
00:42:41,800 --> 00:42:45,778
And it doesn't really connect
to well to either the intro

923
00:42:45,778 --> 00:42:47,272
or the third scene.

924
00:42:47,272 --> 00:42:49,264
I think it's actually
really interesting,

925
00:42:49,264 --> 00:42:51,754
but right now it's kind of
like-- it doesn't really

926
00:42:51,754 --> 00:42:53,414
talk about why
some people do any

927
00:42:53,414 --> 00:42:55,240
of these better than others.

928
00:42:55,240 --> 00:42:58,726
And then there's only like
one part in the third scene

929
00:42:58,726 --> 00:43:01,216
where mitochondria is mentioned.

930
00:43:01,216 --> 00:43:03,955
I think that just needs a
little bit better connected

931
00:43:03,955 --> 00:43:05,740
to everything else.

932
00:43:05,740 --> 00:43:08,545
PROFESSOR: How
vital is scene two?

933
00:43:08,545 --> 00:43:11,390
DAVID: Basically,
my thought process

934
00:43:11,390 --> 00:43:13,870
of how this is going
to go is introduction,

935
00:43:13,870 --> 00:43:15,700
and then how our body
handles, and what is

936
00:43:15,700 --> 00:43:17,570
the difference between people.

937
00:43:17,570 --> 00:43:21,270
PROFESSOR: It's a very classic
five paragraph essay form,

938
00:43:21,270 --> 00:43:21,910
right?

939
00:43:21,910 --> 00:43:29,510
Intro, background knowledge,
question, example, right?

940
00:43:29,510 --> 00:43:33,190
Which is a very
logical flow of ideas,

941
00:43:33,190 --> 00:43:36,680
which is why so many people
write essays that way.

942
00:43:36,680 --> 00:43:39,070
But I think it's also why
it's reading a little bit

943
00:43:39,070 --> 00:43:42,120
like a news story right now.

944
00:43:42,120 --> 00:43:50,240
It's reading a little bit like
a part of a textbook, almost.

945
00:43:50,240 --> 00:43:55,150
And it really-- the
stuff at the end

946
00:43:55,150 --> 00:43:57,800
is really the more interesting
part, to me at least,

947
00:43:57,800 --> 00:44:01,500
the reason why maybe it should
be a video over an article.

948
00:44:01,500 --> 00:44:06,600
And I think PJ's idea
of moving the example

949
00:44:06,600 --> 00:44:09,250
from the guy from Iceland
as your opening will

950
00:44:09,250 --> 00:44:11,870
help with that.

951
00:44:11,870 --> 00:44:15,650
And I also agree with
Nathan that you may not even

952
00:44:15,650 --> 00:44:18,840
need most of scene two, right,
because the point of the video

953
00:44:18,840 --> 00:44:22,060
isn't to explain
how we stay warm.

954
00:44:22,060 --> 00:44:24,840
The point of the
video is to explain

955
00:44:24,840 --> 00:44:30,380
why some people are more
predisposed to handling

956
00:44:30,380 --> 00:44:32,850
incredibly harsh
environments than others.

957
00:44:32,850 --> 00:44:37,080
Like I think the concept of
hypothermia is fascinating,

958
00:44:37,080 --> 00:44:40,170
but that word isn't mentioned
that all in this video.

959
00:44:40,170 --> 00:44:41,830
And let me know if
you guys disagree,

960
00:44:41,830 --> 00:44:44,130
because this is a totally
personal taste thing,

961
00:44:44,130 --> 00:44:47,760
but I feel like that would be
a much more compelling example

962
00:44:47,760 --> 00:44:52,264
to use than to say you
stay warm by shivering.

963
00:44:52,264 --> 00:44:54,430
And you stay warm by your
blood vessels contracting.

964
00:44:54,430 --> 00:44:57,700
Like those are all very true
facts that don't take away,

965
00:44:57,700 --> 00:45:01,487
necessarily, from understanding
how people are more

966
00:45:01,487 --> 00:45:03,820
predisposed, it's just that
you spend such a long amount

967
00:45:03,820 --> 00:45:05,470
of time on that.

968
00:45:05,470 --> 00:45:07,660
And it takes a while to
get the bulk of your body.

969
00:45:07,660 --> 00:45:11,830
It's like the same thing that
was happening with Julia's.

970
00:45:11,830 --> 00:45:14,010
And it's very
counter-intuitive because it's

971
00:45:14,010 --> 00:45:18,360
very different from typical
science communication.

972
00:45:18,360 --> 00:45:20,480
That's not how you
write a journal article.

973
00:45:20,480 --> 00:45:23,410
With a journal article, you span
like five pages with an intro

974
00:45:23,410 --> 00:45:25,290
and set up.

975
00:45:25,290 --> 00:45:29,000
But with the video,
I don't think

976
00:45:29,000 --> 00:45:30,650
you need the second thing.

977
00:45:30,650 --> 00:45:34,980
I think you need bits and pieces
from it to explain the point,

978
00:45:34,980 --> 00:45:36,770
but what do you guys think?

979
00:45:39,590 --> 00:45:42,990
AUDIENCE: I think may be to
just like identify second scene.

980
00:45:42,990 --> 00:45:44,880
So it's on a cellular level.

981
00:45:44,880 --> 00:45:46,850
And then we shiver.

982
00:45:46,850 --> 00:45:49,760
So skeletal.

983
00:45:49,760 --> 00:45:52,480
Maybe just identifying it but
not really expanding on it

984
00:45:52,480 --> 00:45:55,234
might be something to do.

985
00:45:55,234 --> 00:45:57,150
PROFESSOR: Jamie, were
you going to something?

986
00:45:57,150 --> 00:46:00,410
AUDIENCE: Yeah, I'm
just processing.

987
00:46:00,410 --> 00:46:03,180
This is one by going deep
it allows you to go shallow

988
00:46:03,180 --> 00:46:06,846
as well, like with the Julia
with diving deeply [INAUDIBLE]

989
00:46:06,846 --> 00:46:09,630
to something else.

990
00:46:09,630 --> 00:46:15,495
I'm with you now,
about if we start

991
00:46:15,495 --> 00:46:18,492
with the idea of
this runner who was

992
00:46:18,492 --> 00:46:20,900
able to beat the
cold with his him,

993
00:46:20,900 --> 00:46:23,150
through telling that
story, you can actually

994
00:46:23,150 --> 00:46:26,620
tell me about what's
happening on a cellular level

995
00:46:26,620 --> 00:46:28,990
and how he was able
to beat it, right?

996
00:46:31,740 --> 00:46:35,220
So one thing that I think needs
to be said somewhere in this

997
00:46:35,220 --> 00:46:38,180
is the idea that
if you strip away

998
00:46:38,180 --> 00:46:40,700
some of the variables
like what people ate

999
00:46:40,700 --> 00:46:45,267
or-- as someone who used to be
a serious hiker, if someone has

1000
00:46:45,267 --> 00:46:47,392
to go to the bathroom versus
doesn't, that actually

1001
00:46:47,392 --> 00:46:49,308
makes a really big
difference on staying warm.

1002
00:46:49,308 --> 00:46:53,680
Because if you think about it,
if you have all this liquid

1003
00:46:53,680 --> 00:46:55,190
and you need to go
to the bathroom,

1004
00:46:55,190 --> 00:46:56,675
your body's warming
all of that up.

1005
00:46:56,675 --> 00:46:58,175
And if you just
went to the bathroom

1006
00:46:58,175 --> 00:46:59,690
you'd suddenly get a lot warmer.

1007
00:46:59,690 --> 00:47:02,250
So taking those
variables out, I'd

1008
00:47:02,250 --> 00:47:06,790
say all things being the same,
these two fundamental bodies,

1009
00:47:06,790 --> 00:47:08,830
what's going on in
a cellular level?

1010
00:47:08,830 --> 00:47:12,340
That helps you understand
the mind breaking,

1011
00:47:12,340 --> 00:47:17,300
the cool extreme example
we have of this guy

1012
00:47:17,300 --> 00:47:19,120
beating the system somehow.

1013
00:47:19,120 --> 00:47:21,620
But in order to understand how
cool it is that he's broken

1014
00:47:21,620 --> 00:47:24,464
and beat the system,
we kind of need

1015
00:47:24,464 --> 00:47:27,790
to understand what the
norm is for the system.

1016
00:47:27,790 --> 00:47:30,370
So by using him as
your freak example,

1017
00:47:30,370 --> 00:47:32,300
it allows you to also
tell the story of how

1018
00:47:32,300 --> 00:47:36,850
things should work in a normal--
do you see what I'm saying?

1019
00:47:36,850 --> 00:47:40,190
And then suddenly his story
becomes your streamline,

1020
00:47:40,190 --> 00:47:45,010
that forward motion
throughout your video.

1021
00:47:45,010 --> 00:47:49,200
And the backward telling
of the story of the facts

1022
00:47:49,200 --> 00:47:54,154
about how a person
breaks down glucose

1023
00:47:54,154 --> 00:47:57,230
or whatever, ends up being
part of that forward motion

1024
00:47:57,230 --> 00:48:00,600
because you're trying to
explain this cool, weird freak

1025
00:48:00,600 --> 00:48:03,800
thing of someone can
actually use their mind

1026
00:48:03,800 --> 00:48:08,760
to change, or at least to appear
to change their temperature.

1027
00:48:08,760 --> 00:48:11,570
So I really like
this re-framing.

1028
00:48:11,570 --> 00:48:13,980
And I think it allows
you to go deeper

1029
00:48:13,980 --> 00:48:17,344
and to make it more
interesting by doing less.

1030
00:48:17,344 --> 00:48:20,010
PROFESSOR: I think you also need
to bring the point of the video

1031
00:48:20,010 --> 00:48:25,900
earlier on, because right
now it comes in scene four

1032
00:48:25,900 --> 00:48:28,430
at the very end.

1033
00:48:28,430 --> 00:48:30,250
Maybe if the Ice
Age were to come,

1034
00:48:30,250 --> 00:48:32,740
we would better be able to
withstand and survive it.

1035
00:48:32,740 --> 00:48:35,370
It's really random right now,
because you haven't really

1036
00:48:35,370 --> 00:48:37,550
set that up as an argument.

1037
00:48:37,550 --> 00:48:39,980
So I would say put that
at the beginning, too.

1038
00:48:39,980 --> 00:48:43,020
Like there was this
guy a long time ago.

1039
00:48:43,020 --> 00:48:47,310
And he ran this
marathon half naked.

1040
00:48:47,310 --> 00:48:49,980
Why didn't he die?

1041
00:48:49,980 --> 00:48:52,840
Is there something
about him that

1042
00:48:52,840 --> 00:48:55,670
is genetically-- don't
say genetically superior

1043
00:48:55,670 --> 00:48:57,730
because that's very un-PC.

1044
00:48:57,730 --> 00:49:00,670
But you know, are there
genetic traits about him

1045
00:49:00,670 --> 00:49:05,550
that would equip him to not only
withstand cold temperatures,

1046
00:49:05,550 --> 00:49:07,850
but maybe survive
the next Ice Age.

1047
00:49:07,850 --> 00:49:11,420
Is there something about him,
about humans like him, that are

1048
00:49:11,420 --> 00:49:13,509
different from other people.

1049
00:49:13,509 --> 00:49:15,050
That's what I'm
saying about it needs

1050
00:49:15,050 --> 00:49:17,120
to get into the meat and
the bulk of the video

1051
00:49:17,120 --> 00:49:21,240
sooner, because right now it's
a lot of intro, intro, intro.

1052
00:49:21,240 --> 00:49:24,490
And the example
doesn't even come

1053
00:49:24,490 --> 00:49:31,490
until scene 3C, which is over
halfway through the video.

1054
00:49:31,490 --> 00:49:34,110
Does that makes sense to
people, what Jamie just said,

1055
00:49:34,110 --> 00:49:37,170
about using a specific
anecdote to describe

1056
00:49:37,170 --> 00:49:41,270
a lot of the core concepts
instead of just describing

1057
00:49:41,270 --> 00:49:43,212
the core concept separately?

1058
00:49:43,212 --> 00:49:45,610
Does that make sense?

1059
00:49:45,610 --> 00:49:47,485
AUDIENCE: You can have
a lot of fun with that

1060
00:49:47,485 --> 00:49:49,782
as it being your main story.

1061
00:49:49,782 --> 00:49:55,380
Like imagine you running half
naked across the football field

1062
00:49:55,380 --> 00:49:57,060
with obvious snow out, right?

1063
00:49:57,060 --> 00:49:59,070
That's a really fun intro.

1064
00:49:59,070 --> 00:50:00,700
I mean, there are
really fun things

1065
00:50:00,700 --> 00:50:03,234
you can do that also
make it concrete.

1066
00:50:03,234 --> 00:50:05,226
Because you've done all
the hard work already,

1067
00:50:05,226 --> 00:50:07,640
which was coming up with
the science behind it.

1068
00:50:07,640 --> 00:50:09,870
You've already made it
into a concrete story.

1069
00:50:09,870 --> 00:50:13,970
Here are three specific things
that might be happening.

1070
00:50:13,970 --> 00:50:17,711
You just need a hook and a story
line to help you tell that.

1071
00:50:17,711 --> 00:50:19,210
PROFESSOR: The
application is what's

1072
00:50:19,210 --> 00:50:22,240
going to differentiate it
from a textbook as well.

1073
00:50:22,240 --> 00:50:28,140
Because right now, scene two
is a textbook moved to video.

1074
00:50:28,140 --> 00:50:31,050
And that's fine, but it's
not going to be interesting,

1075
00:50:31,050 --> 00:50:33,950
I think, has all your anecdotes.

1076
00:50:33,950 --> 00:50:37,750
I mean I have the concern
that this-- what's

1077
00:50:37,750 --> 00:50:41,760
his name-- coldman, Iceman.

1078
00:50:41,760 --> 00:50:44,640
I had a concern that is wasn't
scientific enough or robust.

1079
00:50:44,640 --> 00:50:49,800
But since you added the stuff
about the research from NUS,

1080
00:50:49,800 --> 00:50:51,450
I do think that's interesting.

1081
00:50:51,450 --> 00:50:53,020
Expand on that more.

1082
00:50:53,020 --> 00:50:56,870
And cut out stuff from scene
two to give you time to do that.

1083
00:50:56,870 --> 00:51:01,200
So I would say open with Iceman.

1084
00:51:01,200 --> 00:51:04,890
Open with the big
picture question,

1085
00:51:04,890 --> 00:51:06,990
what are the fundamental
qualities about him that

1086
00:51:06,990 --> 00:51:10,640
differentiate him from
other humans like me.

1087
00:51:10,640 --> 00:51:14,310
Then you can talk about what
exactly happens when people

1088
00:51:14,310 --> 00:51:16,260
die of the cold, essentially.

1089
00:51:16,260 --> 00:51:19,780
Like why is that happening, it's
because your body can't keep up

1090
00:51:19,780 --> 00:51:22,052
with burning enough fuel.

1091
00:51:22,052 --> 00:51:23,760
So you're talking
about the whole furnace

1092
00:51:23,760 --> 00:51:25,920
concept in that
reason, but you're not

1093
00:51:25,920 --> 00:51:30,100
taking the time to separately
explain it to people.

1094
00:51:30,100 --> 00:51:33,590
And then-- so you
have the example.

1095
00:51:33,590 --> 00:51:35,220
You have the huge question.

1096
00:51:35,220 --> 00:51:38,880
You go into the details of
explaining the core concepts.

1097
00:51:38,880 --> 00:51:41,810
Then go back out to the
research question again.

1098
00:51:41,810 --> 00:51:44,147
Does that makes sense?

1099
00:51:44,147 --> 00:51:46,230
AUDIENCE: I think the
really critical part of what

1100
00:51:46,230 --> 00:51:48,396
[INAUDIBLE] just said that's
not in your video right

1101
00:51:48,396 --> 00:51:51,460
now is explaining what happens
when people die of the cold.

1102
00:51:51,460 --> 00:51:54,920
Because that'll really drive
home your big question,

1103
00:51:54,920 --> 00:51:57,285
how will we survive
the next Ice Age.

1104
00:51:57,285 --> 00:51:59,380
How people died in the
cold in the first place.

1105
00:51:59,380 --> 00:52:01,880
So what happens when these
systems that generate heat

1106
00:52:01,880 --> 00:52:02,380
fail.

1107
00:52:02,380 --> 00:52:05,398
And what about them fails.

1108
00:52:05,398 --> 00:52:08,310
AUDIENCE: And this
may be too much.

1109
00:52:08,310 --> 00:52:12,060
So as author, totally feel
free to ignore this next idea,

1110
00:52:12,060 --> 00:52:15,068
but at the very
beginning you talk

1111
00:52:15,068 --> 00:52:19,680
about putting clothes on as a
way of combating that cycle.

1112
00:52:19,680 --> 00:52:22,582
What are the ways that
we-- and I don't want you

1113
00:52:22,582 --> 00:52:24,310
to dive deeply into
this, but it might be

1114
00:52:24,310 --> 00:52:26,900
a nice beginning of a wrap up.

1115
00:52:26,900 --> 00:52:30,230
What are the ways that
we can fight the cold

1116
00:52:30,230 --> 00:52:32,140
given our current
cellular structure.

1117
00:52:32,140 --> 00:52:33,980
So I'm born this way.

1118
00:52:33,980 --> 00:52:35,760
This is me in the world.

1119
00:52:35,760 --> 00:52:39,680
What can I do right
now to fight the cold.

1120
00:52:39,680 --> 00:52:41,290
Obviously I can put
on another jacket.

1121
00:52:41,290 --> 00:52:43,374
What's my jacket
doing, fundamentally.

1122
00:52:43,374 --> 00:52:45,790
PROFESSOR: And you talk about
that right now in scene two,

1123
00:52:45,790 --> 00:52:48,970
but do you see that makes
much more sense in the context

1124
00:52:48,970 --> 00:52:50,310
of Jamie's example?

1125
00:52:50,310 --> 00:52:52,950
So you don't have to
take the time to say,

1126
00:52:52,950 --> 00:52:54,320
let me define shivering.

1127
00:52:54,320 --> 00:52:55,980
Let me define
blood constriction.

1128
00:52:55,980 --> 00:53:01,990
Let me define metabolises.

1129
00:53:01,990 --> 00:53:05,390
Don't take the time to define
those things separately

1130
00:53:05,390 --> 00:53:06,430
from a context.

1131
00:53:06,430 --> 00:53:08,690
Just seamlessly integrate
that into the examples

1132
00:53:08,690 --> 00:53:10,240
you're already talking about.

1133
00:53:10,240 --> 00:53:14,620
AUDIENCE: Or would eating a big
spoon of peanut butter help me.

1134
00:53:14,620 --> 00:53:16,914
I would want to probably
know some concrete things

1135
00:53:16,914 --> 00:53:19,874
at the end, just wrapping up,
along with the scientific.

1136
00:53:19,874 --> 00:53:22,770
As someone who used to do some
pretty extreme outdoor stuff,

1137
00:53:22,770 --> 00:53:25,286
I know that eating a
spoonful of peanut butter

1138
00:53:25,286 --> 00:53:28,400
actually will help, but why?

1139
00:53:28,400 --> 00:53:30,900
And just bringing it back
on that very concrete level

1140
00:53:30,900 --> 00:53:34,580
to your audience, to be like,
because of carbohydrates here.

1141
00:53:34,580 --> 00:53:37,590
So next time you're about to
stand out and watch a football

1142
00:53:37,590 --> 00:53:41,328
game in the cold, eat
a huge bar of chocolate

1143
00:53:41,328 --> 00:53:45,760
or put on an extra layer,
or something concrete.

1144
00:53:45,760 --> 00:53:47,677
And not a lot of time.

1145
00:53:47,677 --> 00:53:49,585
Don't waste a lot of time.

1146
00:53:49,585 --> 00:53:51,493
That might tie it
back to the concrete

1147
00:53:51,493 --> 00:53:52,785
for your audience a little bit.

1148
00:53:52,785 --> 00:53:54,368
PROFESSOR: I wouldn't
end it that way,

1149
00:53:54,368 --> 00:53:56,330
though, because that's
a little too simplistic

1150
00:53:56,330 --> 00:53:58,140
for what you could do.

1151
00:53:58,140 --> 00:54:02,430
So end it by tying it back to
the big question, for sure.

1152
00:54:02,430 --> 00:54:04,950
And that's what I meant when
I said in your comments,

1153
00:54:04,950 --> 00:54:07,130
like what type of
research is going on.

1154
00:54:07,130 --> 00:54:10,530
Because there must be people
out there who are studying ways

1155
00:54:10,530 --> 00:54:13,740
to sort of trick our
bodies against the way

1156
00:54:13,740 --> 00:54:18,120
we're naturally hardwired beyond
just putting on another jacket.

1157
00:54:18,120 --> 00:54:19,720
So if you can talk
about those things,

1158
00:54:19,720 --> 00:54:21,530
I mean that's
another opportunity

1159
00:54:21,530 --> 00:54:24,970
to differentiate it from a
traditional textbook content.

1160
00:54:24,970 --> 00:54:26,970
So right, now the way
your script is structured,

1161
00:54:26,970 --> 00:54:32,290
is simple question,
facts, background facts,

1162
00:54:32,290 --> 00:54:36,860
a bunch of research questions,
and then really good question.

1163
00:54:36,860 --> 00:54:40,360
That's like a very standard
five paragraph format.

1164
00:54:40,360 --> 00:54:43,560
I would say restructure it
so that you open with one

1165
00:54:43,560 --> 00:54:45,470
of the anecdotes, Iceman.

1166
00:54:45,470 --> 00:54:48,320
Open with the big question.

1167
00:54:48,320 --> 00:54:52,500
Go into the details in the
context of the example.

1168
00:54:52,500 --> 00:54:55,560
Then go back out to
the research question.

1169
00:54:55,560 --> 00:54:58,770
Then you can do what Jamie
says, which is like well,

1170
00:54:58,770 --> 00:55:01,870
if some people, like
Iceman, just are better off,

1171
00:55:01,870 --> 00:55:04,220
like what about
for the rest of us?

1172
00:55:04,220 --> 00:55:06,740
What are researchers
doing or what can

1173
00:55:06,740 --> 00:55:12,110
we practically do to
sort of trick nature.

1174
00:55:12,110 --> 00:55:15,345
And then point it back to
the big question again.

1175
00:55:15,345 --> 00:55:16,220
Does that make sense?

1176
00:55:16,220 --> 00:55:19,710
AUDIENCE: It might be
worth it to-- hibernation's

1177
00:55:19,710 --> 00:55:23,690
like a hot topic right now with
all the space travel and stuff

1178
00:55:23,690 --> 00:55:25,610
that they're thinking of.

1179
00:55:25,610 --> 00:55:28,610
So that's like-- I
mean that's addressing

1180
00:55:28,610 --> 00:55:31,170
eating a lot, low
metabolic, it kind of,

1181
00:55:31,170 --> 00:55:33,240
I think, gets all of that.

1182
00:55:33,240 --> 00:55:36,060
[INAUDIBLE]

1183
00:55:36,060 --> 00:55:39,290
PROFESSOR: But also they're
doing that for space research,

1184
00:55:39,290 --> 00:55:40,430
too, right?

1185
00:55:44,570 --> 00:55:46,710
There are a lot of
resources at your disposal,

1186
00:55:46,710 --> 00:55:48,790
so you can talk about
things that have never

1187
00:55:48,790 --> 00:55:50,720
been talked about before.

1188
00:55:50,720 --> 00:55:53,617
That's the whole
point of these videos.

1189
00:55:53,617 --> 00:55:55,200
That's what I mean
by don't leave them

1190
00:55:55,200 --> 00:55:57,390
as instructional
tutorial videos,

1191
00:55:57,390 --> 00:56:02,250
because anyone can make those,
but we have current research

1192
00:56:02,250 --> 00:56:03,134
at our disposal.

1193
00:56:03,134 --> 00:56:04,550
There's so many
things that we can

1194
00:56:04,550 --> 00:56:07,260
talk about that just haven't
been talked about yet,

1195
00:56:07,260 --> 00:56:11,230
so I really want you to spend
most of the time of your videos

1196
00:56:11,230 --> 00:56:12,596
on that.

1197
00:56:12,596 --> 00:56:14,304
AUDIENCE: And you
might be able to find--

1198
00:56:14,304 --> 00:56:16,200
I mean I have no idea
who does this on campus--

1199
00:56:16,200 --> 00:56:18,616
but I bet we could probably
do some research to figure out

1200
00:56:18,616 --> 00:56:20,470
is anyone in [INAUDIBLE].

1201
00:56:20,470 --> 00:56:21,976
I don't know, someone.

1202
00:56:21,976 --> 00:56:23,940
There might be someone
on campus that you

1203
00:56:23,940 --> 00:56:26,440
could talk to that's doing some
research on this [INAUDIBLE]

1204
00:56:26,440 --> 00:56:26,940
thing.

1205
00:56:26,940 --> 00:56:29,416
If you could add a little
of that it would be cool.

1206
00:56:36,880 --> 00:56:39,440
What's the pacing that
you're planning for this?

1207
00:56:39,440 --> 00:56:41,174
PROFESSOR: Pacing for today?

1208
00:56:41,174 --> 00:56:43,340
AUDIENCE: Like how many
people are we hoping to get?

1209
00:56:43,340 --> 00:56:46,006
PROFESSOR: I was going to try to
get as many people as we could.

1210
00:56:46,006 --> 00:56:48,720
Tomorrow I'm going to do my
last lecture to give you guys

1211
00:56:48,720 --> 00:56:51,345
more time to work on your video
than we had originally planned.

1212
00:56:54,340 --> 00:56:56,589
Yeah, so just as many as
we can get through today.

1213
00:56:56,589 --> 00:56:58,380
Whatever we don't finish
we'll do tomorrow.

1214
00:57:00,674 --> 00:57:02,340
AUDIENCE: We should
probably give people

1215
00:57:02,340 --> 00:57:03,330
a chance to break soon.

1216
00:57:03,330 --> 00:57:04,454
PROFESSOR: Yes, absolutely.

1217
00:57:04,454 --> 00:57:08,070
Let's do one more and
then take a break.

1218
00:57:08,070 --> 00:57:10,610
David, do you have any
questions about that?

1219
00:57:10,610 --> 00:57:12,767
About all of our feedback?

1220
00:57:12,767 --> 00:57:13,558
DAVID: [INAUDIBLE].

1221
00:57:18,478 --> 00:57:21,670
AUDIENCE: So for
example, one section

1222
00:57:21,670 --> 00:57:28,820
I think could be condensed to
a single sentence, like 3A.

1223
00:57:28,820 --> 00:57:30,930
So you have this
really big paragraph.

1224
00:57:30,930 --> 00:57:33,070
It's like a paragraph
in your essay.

1225
00:57:33,070 --> 00:57:34,620
You have a citation
and everything.

1226
00:57:34,620 --> 00:57:36,890
But that section
can just be reduced

1227
00:57:36,890 --> 00:57:43,850
to some people have
different mitochondria, which

1228
00:57:43,850 --> 00:57:47,080
generates more hear and
less chemical energy.

1229
00:57:47,080 --> 00:57:48,317
Like that's it.

1230
00:57:48,317 --> 00:57:50,589
That was the essence
of section 3A.

1231
00:57:50,589 --> 00:57:51,380
DAVID: [INAUDIBLE].

1232
00:57:56,420 --> 00:58:00,604
AUDIENCE: You are-- you are a
reliable narrator, inherently,

1233
00:58:00,604 --> 00:58:01,580
in your video.

1234
00:58:01,580 --> 00:58:04,240
So this is a citation
to something,

1235
00:58:04,240 --> 00:58:06,740
as something you can include
in the video description below.

1236
00:58:06,740 --> 00:58:09,092
And oftentimes a lot of
educational channels do.

1237
00:58:09,092 --> 00:58:11,300
It's like, if you want to
do further reading on this,

1238
00:58:11,300 --> 00:58:13,220
you can include it
in the description.

1239
00:58:13,220 --> 00:58:20,550
But if you say a statement like
that, that because of genetics,

1240
00:58:20,550 --> 00:58:23,900
because of the
hard-wiring of our DNA,

1241
00:58:23,900 --> 00:58:27,756
some people's mitochondria is
more efficient in this way,

1242
00:58:27,756 --> 00:58:29,950
less efficient in this way.

1243
00:58:29,950 --> 00:58:31,480
They're accepting this.

1244
00:58:31,480 --> 00:58:35,660
And I think because
you're a scientist

1245
00:58:35,660 --> 00:58:37,450
and because you're
making this at MIT,

1246
00:58:37,450 --> 00:58:39,750
that adds to your reliability.

1247
00:58:39,750 --> 00:58:43,280
And the fact that, for your
more dubious claims, which

1248
00:58:43,280 --> 00:58:47,230
in my opinion are the mediation
stuff, because psychology

1249
00:58:47,230 --> 00:58:49,710
is inherently a
more dubious field,

1250
00:58:49,710 --> 00:58:51,685
like anything with
people's brains,

1251
00:58:51,685 --> 00:58:55,160
we have a very, very loose
understanding of brains.

1252
00:58:55,160 --> 00:58:59,301
Because that's where if any
citations go on your video,

1253
00:58:59,301 --> 00:59:01,550
that's where you should start
referencing researchers,

1254
00:59:01,550 --> 00:59:03,730
because that's where
people are going to go,

1255
00:59:03,730 --> 00:59:06,687
hm, this kind of sounds
like pseudo science.

1256
00:59:06,687 --> 00:59:08,270
But people have heard
of mitochondria.

1257
00:59:08,270 --> 00:59:09,645
People know what
mitochondria do.

1258
00:59:09,645 --> 00:59:12,890
So if you make a claim that
some people's mitochondria, not

1259
00:59:12,890 --> 00:59:16,822
everyone's, acts differently,
then that's an acceptable fact.

1260
00:59:16,822 --> 00:59:19,280
PROFESSOR: David, I know this
is not what you want to hear,

1261
00:59:19,280 --> 00:59:21,130
but what I actually
recommend you do

1262
00:59:21,130 --> 00:59:25,930
is write a script from scratch.

1263
00:59:25,930 --> 00:59:28,580
Write your next draft.

1264
00:59:28,580 --> 00:59:30,580
Because you have all this
knowledge in your mind

1265
00:59:30,580 --> 00:59:31,996
already, so it's
not like you need

1266
00:59:31,996 --> 00:59:33,630
to look at it to rewrite it.

1267
00:59:33,630 --> 00:59:36,830
But approach it from
this completely fresh,

1268
00:59:36,830 --> 00:59:40,900
new structure, of
opening with an anecdote,

1269
00:59:40,900 --> 00:59:43,590
connecting that to
the big question.

1270
00:59:43,590 --> 00:59:44,980
Explain the anecdote.

1271
00:59:44,980 --> 00:59:46,910
And in the process
of explaining it,

1272
00:59:46,910 --> 00:59:49,910
you can hit the
definitions of why people--

1273
00:59:49,910 --> 00:59:55,370
or how your body shivers, or how
many Iceman, when he meditated,

1274
00:59:55,370 --> 00:59:57,020
maybe his blood
vessels constricted.

1275
00:59:57,020 --> 00:59:58,144
I'm totally making this up.

1276
00:59:58,144 --> 01:00:01,430
You have to fact check all this.

1277
01:00:01,430 --> 01:00:05,300
Then go back out to how this
could affect our survival

1278
01:00:05,300 --> 01:00:06,387
rate in the Ice Age.

1279
01:00:06,387 --> 01:00:07,970
If you approach it
from-- because this

1280
01:00:07,970 --> 01:00:11,610
is going to take a completely
different structuring.

1281
01:00:11,610 --> 01:00:13,250
So I almost don't
want you to even look

1282
01:00:13,250 --> 01:00:15,750
at this when you try your
next draft, because you're

1283
01:00:15,750 --> 01:00:17,366
going to have the
habit of thinking

1284
01:00:17,366 --> 01:00:19,240
about it in the same
five paragraph structure

1285
01:00:19,240 --> 01:00:20,073
that you did before.

1286
01:00:23,070 --> 01:00:24,300
Send the next draft that way.

1287
01:00:27,220 --> 01:00:30,920
I think in the process, you
will end up not including things

1288
01:00:30,920 --> 01:00:33,570
just naturally.

1289
01:00:33,570 --> 01:00:35,969
But if you try to look at
this draft and say what do

1290
01:00:35,969 --> 01:00:36,760
I need to take out.

1291
01:00:36,760 --> 01:00:37,801
What do I need to put in.

1292
01:00:37,801 --> 01:00:40,760
What do I need to move around.

1293
01:00:40,760 --> 01:00:43,507
I think it might be a
little confusing to you,

1294
01:00:43,507 --> 01:00:44,501
does that make sense.

1295
01:00:49,480 --> 01:00:50,226
All right.

1296
01:00:50,226 --> 01:00:51,975
And I will stick around
after class today,

1297
01:00:51,975 --> 01:00:53,760
if people want to talk
more about their scripts.

1298
01:00:53,760 --> 01:00:55,343
But I wanted to give
everyone a chance

1299
01:00:55,343 --> 01:00:56,820
to read it out loud to people.

1300
01:00:56,820 --> 01:00:59,780
Oh, when you are reading
also, this is a tendency

1301
01:00:59,780 --> 01:01:00,880
that a lot of people have.

1302
01:01:00,880 --> 01:01:03,500
And I just noticed it
because you read last.

1303
01:01:03,500 --> 01:01:05,696
But carry your words through.

1304
01:01:05,696 --> 01:01:08,070
You're going to want to talk
a little bit slower than you

1305
01:01:08,070 --> 01:01:09,900
usually do naturally.

1306
01:01:09,900 --> 01:01:14,160
And you don't want to drop the
ends of words off like this.

1307
01:01:14,160 --> 01:01:19,380
Because the effect that that has
is you sound robotic on camera,

1308
01:01:19,380 --> 01:01:23,620
and it's really hard to
understand the ends of words.

1309
01:01:26,310 --> 01:01:28,020
So that's it for
everyone, just make sure

1310
01:01:28,020 --> 01:01:33,396
that you carry all of your words
out to the end of the sentence.

1311
01:01:33,396 --> 01:01:35,520
All right, let's do one
more and then take a break.

1312
01:01:35,520 --> 01:01:36,876
How's everyone--

1313
01:01:36,876 --> 01:01:38,040
AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].

1314
01:01:38,040 --> 01:01:39,956
PROFESSOR: You want to
take a break right now?

1315
01:01:39,956 --> 01:01:41,379
AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].

1316
01:01:41,379 --> 01:01:42,920
PROFESSOR: All right,
let's do a five

1317
01:01:42,920 --> 01:01:44,650
minute break and come back.

1318
01:01:44,650 --> 01:01:45,494
AUDIENCE: And I need to
make a quick phone call,

1319
01:01:45,494 --> 01:01:47,119
so I'm going to be
late coming back in.

1320
01:01:49,610 --> 01:01:51,506
[INAUDIBLE]

1321
01:01:51,506 --> 01:01:52,380
PROFESSOR: Go for it.

1322
01:01:57,750 --> 01:01:59,770
All right, Nathan, take it away.

1323
01:02:04,840 --> 01:02:08,016
And remember, read it like you
would actually try to host it.

1324
01:02:13,209 --> 01:02:15,500
AUDIENCE: What does food in
your fridge start to smell,

1325
01:02:15,500 --> 01:02:18,162
and where does that icky
black liquid come from?

1326
01:02:18,162 --> 01:02:19,870
Wouldn't life just be
easier if we didn't

1327
01:02:19,870 --> 01:02:21,320
have to worry about that?

1328
01:02:21,320 --> 01:02:24,910
Well, to answer these questions,
let's talk about decomposition.

1329
01:02:24,910 --> 01:02:26,730
Wikipedia says
that decomposition

1330
01:02:26,730 --> 01:02:29,400
is the process by which organic
substances are broken down

1331
01:02:29,400 --> 01:02:31,065
into much simpler
form of matter.

1332
01:02:31,065 --> 01:02:32,970
Well, what does that mean?

1333
01:02:32,970 --> 01:02:35,472
Basically, in your
fridge, on a forest floor,

1334
01:02:35,472 --> 01:02:37,430
almost everywhere, there
are fungi and bacteria

1335
01:02:37,430 --> 01:02:39,680
that live entirely by
eating dead things.

1336
01:02:39,680 --> 01:02:41,200
These dead things
that make up food

1337
01:02:41,200 --> 01:02:43,730
can be more or less divided
into three categories,

1338
01:02:43,730 --> 01:02:45,320
carbohydrates, which
are like things

1339
01:02:45,320 --> 01:02:48,300
like sugars and starches,
lipids, like fats,

1340
01:02:48,300 --> 01:02:49,691
and proteins, like meat.

1341
01:02:49,691 --> 01:02:51,690
All of these are chemically
different compounds,

1342
01:02:51,690 --> 01:02:53,960
so they each get digested
in a different way.

1343
01:02:53,960 --> 01:02:55,515
Enzymes like
amylases, which yields

1344
01:02:55,515 --> 01:02:58,000
us starches, and
cellulases, which

1345
01:02:58,000 --> 01:03:00,310
deal with cellulose, the
main component of plants,

1346
01:03:00,310 --> 01:03:02,860
create sugar from complex
carbohydrates, which cells

1347
01:03:02,860 --> 01:03:04,900
can easily get energy from.

1348
01:03:04,900 --> 01:03:08,090
Lipase has split
lipids into two parts,

1349
01:03:08,090 --> 01:03:11,130
glycerone and fatty acids, both
of which can produce energy.

1350
01:03:11,130 --> 01:03:13,980
Lastly, proteases break
protein into the amino acids

1351
01:03:13,980 --> 01:03:16,900
that they're made of, which both
releases energy and provides

1352
01:03:16,900 --> 01:03:20,670
a bacteria and fungi with
crucial building blocks.

1353
01:03:20,670 --> 01:03:25,790
So how does a-- so how does a
perfectly nice broccoli floret

1354
01:03:25,790 --> 01:03:28,200
start giving off this
foul black liquid?

1355
01:03:28,200 --> 01:03:30,320
Well, fruits and vegetables
are almost entirely

1356
01:03:30,320 --> 01:03:32,040
water, so one the
most basic level,

1357
01:03:32,040 --> 01:03:34,670
you could say a plant cell
is an extremely complex water

1358
01:03:34,670 --> 01:03:35,550
balloon.

1359
01:03:35,550 --> 01:03:37,700
The elastic outside is
the cellulose cell wall,

1360
01:03:37,700 --> 01:03:40,980
and the [INAUDIBLE] inside
is the intracellular fluid.

1361
01:03:40,980 --> 01:03:43,680
When a bacteria or fungi use
a cellulases to break down

1362
01:03:43,680 --> 01:03:45,720
the exterior of
a cell, it's like

1363
01:03:45,720 --> 01:03:47,194
if I were to pop the balloon.

1364
01:03:47,194 --> 01:03:48,860
But liquid and other
materials that come

1365
01:03:48,860 --> 01:03:51,570
are what cause the muck
you see in your fridge.

1366
01:03:51,570 --> 01:03:53,720
And so what about that smell?

1367
01:03:53,720 --> 01:03:55,490
It depends on the food type.

1368
01:03:55,490 --> 01:03:58,230
Basically, if a meat starts
to get rancid and smell bad,

1369
01:03:58,230 --> 01:04:00,920
it's because when lipases break
down the fat and the meat,

1370
01:04:00,920 --> 01:04:03,942
a lot of the fatty acids you
end up with aren't too pleasant.

1371
01:04:03,942 --> 01:04:05,650
If it's a fruit or
vegetable, [INAUDIBLE]

1372
01:04:05,650 --> 01:04:08,540
all the time, the smell happens
after that icky liquid forms.

1373
01:04:08,540 --> 01:04:11,030
Other bacteria that weren't
involved in initial breakdown,

1374
01:04:11,030 --> 01:04:13,762
move in and start to
stink everything up.

1375
01:04:13,762 --> 01:04:15,220
So looking at this
all, wouldn't it

1376
01:04:15,220 --> 01:04:17,560
be easy if we didn't have
to deal with decomposition,

1377
01:04:17,560 --> 01:04:20,010
if things just lasted forever?

1378
01:04:20,010 --> 01:04:22,360
Well, maybe but probably not.

1379
01:04:22,360 --> 01:04:25,220
The USDS found that the average
American household wastes

1380
01:04:25,220 --> 01:04:29,460
about 25% of its food, and a lot
of restaurants are even worse.

1381
01:04:29,460 --> 01:04:32,430
Sure, that number could go down
if there's no decomposition.

1382
01:04:32,430 --> 01:04:34,570
But other factors
can affect how good

1383
01:04:34,570 --> 01:04:37,900
a food is, too, like
moisture and exposure to air.

1384
01:04:37,900 --> 01:04:39,620
And if we didn't
have decomposition,

1385
01:04:39,620 --> 01:04:42,290
what would happen to all
that food we throw away?

1386
01:04:42,290 --> 01:04:44,930
Food items in landfills are
dealt with by decomposes,

1387
01:04:44,930 --> 01:04:47,710
and allow the nutrients in
food to return to the soil

1388
01:04:47,710 --> 01:04:49,900
and eventually
other living things.

1389
01:04:49,900 --> 01:04:51,650
If things just sat
idle in landfills,

1390
01:04:51,650 --> 01:04:54,900
we'd end up with a crisis
on our hands, eventually.

1391
01:04:54,900 --> 01:04:57,300
Aside from just food,
bacteria, fungi, and protists

1392
01:04:57,300 --> 01:04:59,680
are responsible for breaking
down other dead things,

1393
01:04:59,680 --> 01:05:01,020
like trees.

1394
01:05:01,020 --> 01:05:03,780
In fact, they're more or less
the only things that can do it.

1395
01:05:03,780 --> 01:05:05,280
So while your house
would never have

1396
01:05:05,280 --> 01:05:07,029
to worry about termites,
who rely protists

1397
01:05:07,029 --> 01:05:09,400
in their stomachs, the
forest would pretty soon

1398
01:05:09,400 --> 01:05:11,570
be flooded with dead stuff.

1399
01:05:11,570 --> 01:05:16,010
So decomposition,
while maybe annoying

1400
01:05:16,010 --> 01:05:18,410
when you can't eat that now
fuzzy peach in your fridge,

1401
01:05:18,410 --> 01:05:21,547
is essential to the continuation
of our world as you know it.

1402
01:05:21,547 --> 01:05:23,130
And it's pretty darn
interesting, too.

1403
01:05:28,785 --> 01:05:30,160
PROFESSOR: Just
so you know, that

1404
01:05:30,160 --> 01:05:34,610
was also exactly five minutes.

1405
01:05:34,610 --> 01:05:37,650
but keep in mind, the
pacing of your reading

1406
01:05:37,650 --> 01:05:41,790
is a lot faster when you're
reading off of a script.

1407
01:05:41,790 --> 01:05:43,879
And then you got to
account for all the b-roll

1408
01:05:43,879 --> 01:05:45,295
that you're going
to put in there.

1409
01:05:45,295 --> 01:05:49,880
So it's clocking in at a
little bit over five minutes.

1410
01:05:49,880 --> 01:05:54,989
For this one, let's look
at the script altogether.

1411
01:05:54,989 --> 01:05:57,030
And I'm going to go ahead
and make my first point

1412
01:05:57,030 --> 01:06:01,340
in the interest of time, if
I can find my cursor, which

1413
01:06:01,340 --> 01:06:07,700
is that this script has the
same issue that I was talking

1414
01:06:07,700 --> 01:06:10,720
about with David,
which is that I think

1415
01:06:10,720 --> 01:06:14,010
the coolest part
about your episode

1416
01:06:14,010 --> 01:06:17,680
is this whole part right
here, these two paragraphs.

1417
01:06:17,680 --> 01:06:20,790
What would happen if we
didn't have decomposition,

1418
01:06:20,790 --> 01:06:23,650
and why it's
actually super vital.

1419
01:06:23,650 --> 01:06:28,710
But it doesn't come until you've
gone through all this stuff.

1420
01:06:28,710 --> 01:06:32,450
And I wonder how much of
this stuff you actually need.

1421
01:06:32,450 --> 01:06:39,050
Like this whole sentence,
and actually this one,

1422
01:06:39,050 --> 01:06:42,220
I think you could
take out completely.

1423
01:06:42,220 --> 01:06:45,681
Go from why does the food in
your fridge start to smell,

1424
01:06:45,681 --> 01:06:47,180
wouldn't life be
easier if we didn't

1425
01:06:47,180 --> 01:06:48,310
have that to worry about.

1426
01:06:51,490 --> 01:06:55,950
You could just say,
well, in your fridge,

1427
01:06:55,950 --> 01:07:00,310
or on a forest floor, there are
fungi and bacteria that survive

1428
01:07:00,310 --> 01:07:03,190
entirely by eating dead things.

1429
01:07:03,190 --> 01:07:08,710
And they're responsible
for turning your broccoli

1430
01:07:08,710 --> 01:07:10,595
into the black mold.

1431
01:07:15,860 --> 01:07:19,270
This stuff is informative.

1432
01:07:19,270 --> 01:07:22,370
I don't think anyone here
suffers from the inability

1433
01:07:22,370 --> 01:07:24,360
to be informative.

1434
01:07:24,360 --> 01:07:28,640
This is all very factual.

1435
01:07:28,640 --> 01:07:31,520
But I personally don't
care about it as much

1436
01:07:31,520 --> 01:07:33,320
as the stuff at the end.

1437
01:07:33,320 --> 01:07:36,790
How do you guys feel?

1438
01:07:36,790 --> 01:07:38,158
Yeah.

1439
01:07:38,158 --> 01:07:39,887
AUDIENCE: I was
kind of zoning out

1440
01:07:39,887 --> 01:07:42,110
when there was the amylases.

1441
01:07:42,110 --> 01:07:44,600
PROFESSOR: Yeah.

1442
01:07:44,600 --> 01:07:46,890
It's OK to use
technical terminology.

1443
01:07:46,890 --> 01:07:49,420
But I think this gets
a little too jargony

1444
01:07:49,420 --> 01:07:52,620
to the point where people
are going to have a hard time

1445
01:07:52,620 --> 01:07:56,090
understanding why they need
to know what a protease is.

1446
01:07:56,090 --> 01:07:59,120
This is what I meant
by David's structure.

1447
01:07:59,120 --> 01:08:01,050
We're so used to
writing stuff in this

1448
01:08:01,050 --> 01:08:07,160
is form, where you
have the question,

1449
01:08:07,160 --> 01:08:08,440
and you have the background.

1450
01:08:17,510 --> 01:08:20,260
Then you usually go into
an example or an anecdote.

1451
01:08:25,130 --> 01:08:30,850
Add then you have some
sort of conclusion where

1452
01:08:30,850 --> 01:08:42,590
you say-- your
conclusion is, so that's

1453
01:08:42,590 --> 01:08:46,490
why decomposition is important.

1454
01:08:46,490 --> 01:08:50,630
In a video, this is your
money shot, usually.

1455
01:08:50,630 --> 01:08:52,220
This is the thing
that looks cool.

1456
01:08:52,220 --> 01:08:55,600
Have you guys ever
seen that-- it's

1457
01:08:55,600 --> 01:08:59,310
a commercial for Sprint where
they have the people cutting

1458
01:08:59,310 --> 01:09:00,399
their bills in half.

1459
01:09:00,399 --> 01:09:02,680
Have you guys ever
seen that before?

1460
01:09:02,680 --> 01:09:05,340
I find that a very weird
commercial, because it takes

1461
01:09:05,340 --> 01:09:07,520
them such a long
time to get-- they

1462
01:09:07,520 --> 01:09:09,529
interview people about
how much they're spending

1463
01:09:09,529 --> 01:09:11,609
on their monthly wireless bill.

1464
01:09:11,609 --> 01:09:13,600
It's not until halfway
through the commercial

1465
01:09:13,600 --> 01:09:15,766
that you get the part where
they're actually cutting

1466
01:09:15,766 --> 01:09:17,029
all their bills in half.

1467
01:09:17,029 --> 01:09:19,180
And I'm like, it they
just opened the commercial

1468
01:09:19,180 --> 01:09:21,359
with those shots,
then they could

1469
01:09:21,359 --> 01:09:23,700
go into the interview stuff.

1470
01:09:23,700 --> 01:09:26,160
But whoever produced that
commercial was like, no, no.

1471
01:09:26,160 --> 01:09:29,220
We have to establish that people
hate their current cellphone

1472
01:09:29,220 --> 01:09:30,010
plan.

1473
01:09:30,010 --> 01:09:32,290
And we have to get them
to talk about who they are

1474
01:09:32,290 --> 01:09:33,779
before we can show that stuff.

1475
01:09:33,779 --> 01:09:34,950
That's not true of video.

1476
01:09:34,950 --> 01:09:36,580
You can start with the example.

1477
01:09:36,580 --> 01:09:39,090
You can start with
the big question.

1478
01:09:39,090 --> 01:09:41,370
And instead of
having a conclusion,

1479
01:09:41,370 --> 01:09:45,229
you can have a connecting--
instead of this conclusion,

1480
01:09:45,229 --> 01:09:48,979
oftentimes you revisit
the question instead.

1481
01:09:48,979 --> 01:09:54,360
So I think you should
move your example up.

1482
01:09:54,360 --> 01:09:56,980
You should move it up
right after the question.

1483
01:09:56,980 --> 01:10:00,330
And in David's case, I
think you should actually

1484
01:10:00,330 --> 01:10:03,080
do the example, and
then the question.

1485
01:10:03,080 --> 01:10:05,640
You should talk about
Iceman and then say

1486
01:10:05,640 --> 01:10:09,050
what is it about certain people
that give them the advantage.

1487
01:10:09,050 --> 01:10:19,450
For you, I think you
should say why does food

1488
01:10:19,450 --> 01:10:22,180
in your fridge start to smell?

1489
01:10:22,180 --> 01:10:24,880
Because it's like a nice,
familiar intro into the topic.

1490
01:10:24,880 --> 01:10:28,820
But then I think
you go into what

1491
01:10:28,820 --> 01:10:32,720
would happen if we didn't
have decomposition.

1492
01:10:32,720 --> 01:10:35,480
And that's not
exactly an example,

1493
01:10:35,480 --> 01:10:37,650
but do you see what
I mean by just diving

1494
01:10:37,650 --> 01:10:40,104
straight into the meat in
the bulk of your video?

1495
01:10:40,104 --> 01:10:41,770
Were you going to say
something, Andrea?

1496
01:10:41,770 --> 01:10:44,280
AUDIENCE: Well I just remember
when you did your one line

1497
01:10:44,280 --> 01:10:49,990
or two line summary, which
was so amazingly awesome.

1498
01:10:49,990 --> 01:10:53,392
And I'd love to see that
in the script, of well,

1499
01:10:53,392 --> 01:10:55,579
it turns out that there
are lots of other things

1500
01:10:55,579 --> 01:10:56,937
that like to eat your food, too.

1501
01:10:56,937 --> 01:10:57,770
And that's the hook.

1502
01:10:57,770 --> 01:11:02,270
PROFESSOR: Yeah, I think that
is where the video exists.

1503
01:11:02,270 --> 01:11:06,230
I don't think you actually need
most of this stuff, which again

1504
01:11:06,230 --> 01:11:08,330
I know is like super
disheartening for people

1505
01:11:08,330 --> 01:11:11,100
to hear that the majority
of what you wrote

1506
01:11:11,100 --> 01:11:12,970
isn't actually necessary.

1507
01:11:12,970 --> 01:11:14,940
But I think that in the
act of writing this,

1508
01:11:14,940 --> 01:11:18,150
you've discovered what
the really compelling part

1509
01:11:18,150 --> 01:11:23,450
of your script and your
content it, which is this.

1510
01:11:23,450 --> 01:11:26,260
AUDIENCE: I'd said the big
problem is that, for me, it's

1511
01:11:26,260 --> 01:11:29,670
accepting that in the end what
I really wanted to make a video

1512
01:11:29,670 --> 01:11:31,270
about is how it happens.

1513
01:11:31,270 --> 01:11:33,540
Because that's the
part that I look at

1514
01:11:33,540 --> 01:11:35,900
and when I want to
figure it out on YouTube,

1515
01:11:35,900 --> 01:11:39,460
there's nothing that
told me how it happens.

1516
01:11:39,460 --> 01:11:42,040
And I don't know, that's
the problem for me.

1517
01:11:42,040 --> 01:11:46,570
Because that's more-- I
guess that's the issue,

1518
01:11:46,570 --> 01:11:49,530
is that it's not as compelling
what I want to make a video,

1519
01:11:49,530 --> 01:11:52,680
as what is probably a
better video as what I'm not

1520
01:11:52,680 --> 01:11:54,470
as interested in as myself.

1521
01:11:54,470 --> 01:11:59,450
PROFESSOR: Then I think simply
by moving these two paragraphs,

1522
01:11:59,450 --> 01:12:03,809
basically, to the beginning,
prefacing all this stuff,

1523
01:12:03,809 --> 01:12:05,350
you can have the
best of both worlds.

1524
01:12:05,350 --> 01:12:06,660
And I actually think
that, you're right,

1525
01:12:06,660 --> 01:12:08,600
you do want to explain
what's happening,

1526
01:12:08,600 --> 01:12:11,290
because that's like
substantive science

1527
01:12:11,290 --> 01:12:13,570
that people can
be learning about.

1528
01:12:13,570 --> 01:12:18,810
So this is a really
compelling hook.

1529
01:12:18,810 --> 01:12:21,800
What if we just didn't
have the thing that

1530
01:12:21,800 --> 01:12:23,900
seemingly inconveniences us.

1531
01:12:23,900 --> 01:12:26,610
What if things could
just last indefinitely?

1532
01:12:29,150 --> 01:12:33,095
Is this crisis unrelated to
all the stuff with the enzymes

1533
01:12:33,095 --> 01:12:35,220
that you were talking about
earlier in your script?

1534
01:12:38,217 --> 01:12:40,050
AUDIENCE: I think the
crisis is more the-- I

1535
01:12:40,050 --> 01:12:43,370
tried the very in a
couple of like-- it's

1536
01:12:43,370 --> 01:12:46,220
like nutrient cycling and
nitrogen are very complex

1537
01:12:46,220 --> 01:12:46,720
topics.

1538
01:12:46,720 --> 01:12:51,290
So basically I tried
to very succinctly,

1539
01:12:51,290 --> 01:12:56,280
sum it up that basically you
need to have things returning.

1540
01:12:56,280 --> 01:12:59,810
PROFESSOR: Then what
if you just simply say

1541
01:12:59,810 --> 01:13:02,460
you need to have things
returning to the soil

1542
01:13:02,460 --> 01:13:05,590
just like you have
in this sentence.

1543
01:13:05,590 --> 01:13:11,170
And then you could say, so what
averts this crisis, basically.

1544
01:13:11,170 --> 01:13:15,180
And then you can
go into this stuff,

1545
01:13:15,180 --> 01:13:20,186
that you have
bacteria that break

1546
01:13:20,186 --> 01:13:24,370
the outside walls of plants.

1547
01:13:24,370 --> 01:13:26,840
And all the liquid comes out.

1548
01:13:26,840 --> 01:13:28,250
And that's like the muck.

1549
01:13:28,250 --> 01:13:31,250
That's what rot is, basically.

1550
01:13:31,250 --> 01:13:37,190
But in doing so,
drive home the point

1551
01:13:37,190 --> 01:13:42,240
that this stuff is
important and desired.

1552
01:13:42,240 --> 01:13:46,510
So you set it up with well,
what would happen if we

1553
01:13:46,510 --> 01:13:48,930
didn't have decomposition.

1554
01:13:48,930 --> 01:13:51,000
You wouldn't have stuff
returning to the soil.

1555
01:13:51,000 --> 01:13:54,360
You'd have just endless material
piling up on each other.

1556
01:13:54,360 --> 01:13:55,860
So what averts this crisis?

1557
01:13:55,860 --> 01:13:58,030
Well, bacteria do this.

1558
01:13:58,030 --> 01:14:00,840
And by allowing it to
rot and allowing things

1559
01:14:00,840 --> 01:14:04,380
to go back to the soil,
go back to the question

1560
01:14:04,380 --> 01:14:08,007
of that's why stuff
rots in the first place.

1561
01:14:08,007 --> 01:14:10,090
So actually, maybe it just
needs like a little bit

1562
01:14:10,090 --> 01:14:12,640
of restructuring
more than anything.

1563
01:14:12,640 --> 01:14:13,909
What do you think you, Julia?

1564
01:14:13,909 --> 01:14:18,899
AUDIENCE: I really enjoy
your informal language,

1565
01:14:18,899 --> 01:14:21,893
so saying things like
pretty darn interesting.

1566
01:14:21,893 --> 01:14:25,386
So I think also if you can
put the science-y jargon

1567
01:14:25,386 --> 01:14:32,871
into that informal language,
that would make it more fun.

1568
01:14:32,871 --> 01:14:35,865
Because that's kind
of how you talk,

1569
01:14:35,865 --> 01:14:38,859
and so if you can explain it
that way, that would be great.

1570
01:14:38,859 --> 01:14:40,855
And also, you can add images.

1571
01:14:40,855 --> 01:14:42,851
So for example,
for you saying how

1572
01:14:42,851 --> 01:14:46,344
does a perfectly nice broccoli
florets start giving off

1573
01:14:46,344 --> 01:14:47,841
this foul black
liquid, you could

1574
01:14:47,841 --> 01:14:51,900
show this black liquid instead
of mentioning it or describing

1575
01:14:51,900 --> 01:14:55,267
it and just say, how does it
end up like this. [INAUDIBLE].

1576
01:14:55,267 --> 01:14:56,850
PROFESSOR: Yeah,
that's a great point.

1577
01:14:56,850 --> 01:15:00,560
It'll save you a
lot of time, too.

1578
01:15:00,560 --> 01:15:03,954
I actually don't think you
need this sentence, personally,

1579
01:15:03,954 --> 01:15:05,370
because by then
you've established

1580
01:15:05,370 --> 01:15:07,750
that it is interesting,
and you sort of

1581
01:15:07,750 --> 01:15:10,790
highlight it through your tone.

1582
01:15:10,790 --> 01:15:13,440
And in general, again it's
totally a personal taste thing,

1583
01:15:13,440 --> 01:15:19,050
but I try to avoid observations
that a viewer could come to

1584
01:15:19,050 --> 01:15:25,110
on their own, or ones that I
could say quickly in passing

1585
01:15:25,110 --> 01:15:27,360
in the context of a sentence.

1586
01:15:27,360 --> 01:15:28,855
I rarely try to
have an observation

1587
01:15:28,855 --> 01:15:32,090
like that merit its own
sentence or its own thought.

1588
01:15:35,060 --> 01:15:38,106
AUDIENCE: Do you want to
touch the concept of recycling

1589
01:15:38,106 --> 01:15:47,070
at all, like the idea that some
things that may seem like waste

1590
01:15:47,070 --> 01:15:51,228
or dead stuff is actually
really useful to other things.

1591
01:15:55,390 --> 01:15:57,186
I don't want to complicate this.

1592
01:15:57,186 --> 01:15:59,435
AUDIENCE: I actually don't
know what you mean by that.

1593
01:15:59,435 --> 01:16:05,080
AUDIENCE: Like for instance,
mushrooms are decomposers.

1594
01:16:05,080 --> 01:16:09,130
Their job is to help
speed up the cycle.

1595
01:16:09,130 --> 01:16:19,960
And there are other creatures
and microorganisms out there

1596
01:16:19,960 --> 01:16:24,770
that have an important role
in this part of the materials

1597
01:16:24,770 --> 01:16:27,920
cycle, that I'm not
sure whether it's worth

1598
01:16:27,920 --> 01:16:30,431
mentioning that that
ooze and that black stuff

1599
01:16:30,431 --> 01:16:32,340
is actually someone's delicacy.

1600
01:16:34,229 --> 01:16:35,770
PROFESSOR: I think
that's what you're

1601
01:16:35,770 --> 01:16:39,490
trying to get at with the
whole having the nitrates

1602
01:16:39,490 --> 01:16:41,465
and everything
return to the soil.

1603
01:16:41,465 --> 01:16:44,090
And maybe that's something that
you can hit in just a sentence.

1604
01:16:44,090 --> 01:16:51,420
Like it goes back-- it
allows nutrients in food

1605
01:16:51,420 --> 01:16:56,000
to return to the soil that's
vital to the organisms that

1606
01:16:56,000 --> 01:17:01,180
live in that environment, and
eventually other living things.

1607
01:17:01,180 --> 01:17:02,750
AUDIENCE: And this
is one where maybe

1608
01:17:02,750 --> 01:17:06,190
having a visual of
the food chain cycle,

1609
01:17:06,190 --> 01:17:11,030
like that whole-- really hammers
this down visually for people

1610
01:17:11,030 --> 01:17:11,910
while you're talking.

1611
01:17:11,910 --> 01:17:17,920
As the sun creates-- like just
a visual map of just the food

1612
01:17:17,920 --> 01:17:20,970
chain cycle, starting from
the sun and going back to you.

1613
01:17:20,970 --> 01:17:22,940
And maybe that's all
you need with this

1614
01:17:22,940 --> 01:17:25,275
to hone that
biological concept down

1615
01:17:25,275 --> 01:17:26,970
for people, that life cycle.

1616
01:17:30,428 --> 01:17:32,485
PROFESSOR: Yeah.

1617
01:17:32,485 --> 01:17:33,860
AUDIENCE: Going
off of what Julia

1618
01:17:33,860 --> 01:17:39,520
was saying a little bit
earlier, so right now,

1619
01:17:39,520 --> 01:17:41,150
the part where you
discuss enzymes

1620
01:17:41,150 --> 01:17:45,420
sounds a lot like the videos
I'm making right now for MITx.

1621
01:17:45,420 --> 01:17:49,070
It's super factual
and really concise,

1622
01:17:49,070 --> 01:17:51,800
which is good for
those kind of videos.

1623
01:17:51,800 --> 01:17:55,690
For these kind of
videos, I feel like you

1624
01:17:55,690 --> 01:17:58,880
need to integrate this
information in the greater

1625
01:17:58,880 --> 01:18:01,550
structure of the story
like we were talking about.

1626
01:18:01,550 --> 01:18:12,090
So jumping off of what
Andrea was saying earlier,

1627
01:18:12,090 --> 01:18:15,060
if you structure it as,
we are not the only people

1628
01:18:15,060 --> 01:18:15,870
who eat our food.

1629
01:18:15,870 --> 01:18:20,640
Bacteria and protists and things
like that also eat our food.

1630
01:18:20,640 --> 01:18:25,865
They use enzymes like
proteases to break the protein

1631
01:18:25,865 --> 01:18:27,090
in our food to do this.

1632
01:18:27,090 --> 01:18:29,870
As opposed to
introducing them as list,

1633
01:18:29,870 --> 01:18:31,570
like these are
different enzymes.

1634
01:18:31,570 --> 01:18:36,510
If you can figure out a way
where the outer story is,

1635
01:18:36,510 --> 01:18:39,620
they also are eating our
food and breaking it down.

1636
01:18:39,620 --> 01:18:41,740
And then bringing up
these enzymes when

1637
01:18:41,740 --> 01:18:44,870
it's necessary to define them
instead of just giving blanket

1638
01:18:44,870 --> 01:18:46,930
definitions of all of
them at the beginning,

1639
01:18:46,930 --> 01:18:49,220
it helps keep that
viewer engaged,

1640
01:18:49,220 --> 01:18:51,970
because then they're
still getting

1641
01:18:51,970 --> 01:18:54,220
the same amount of
information overall,

1642
01:18:54,220 --> 01:18:55,990
but they're getting
it in smaller doses,

1643
01:18:55,990 --> 01:18:57,830
and when that
information is relevant.

1644
01:18:57,830 --> 01:18:59,660
So they're more
likely to remember it

1645
01:18:59,660 --> 01:19:02,160
later on, because they'll
see a picture of the meet.

1646
01:19:02,160 --> 01:19:05,010
And be like, oh,
the bacteria uses

1647
01:19:05,010 --> 01:19:07,210
proteases to break the
proteins down in the meat

1648
01:19:07,210 --> 01:19:09,920
because they use those as
amino acids for themselves,

1649
01:19:09,920 --> 01:19:11,160
or something like that.

1650
01:19:11,160 --> 01:19:14,154
As opposed to giving
this list of enzymes.

1651
01:19:14,154 --> 01:19:14,820
PROFESSOR: Yeah.

1652
01:19:14,820 --> 01:19:16,450
That's a really good
tip for everyone.

1653
01:19:16,450 --> 01:19:18,050
I think you Julia,
that's definitely

1654
01:19:18,050 --> 01:19:19,200
relevant in your script.

1655
01:19:19,200 --> 01:19:22,510
David, for sure.

1656
01:19:22,510 --> 01:19:25,640
Maybe a litmus test is
if you find yourself

1657
01:19:25,640 --> 01:19:29,070
with an entire sentence or
an entire paragraph that

1658
01:19:29,070 --> 01:19:32,940
is just a definition on
its own, really rethink how

1659
01:19:32,940 --> 01:19:33,960
that's being done.

1660
01:19:36,910 --> 01:19:40,950
Enzymes like amylases,
which deal with starches,

1661
01:19:40,950 --> 01:19:43,760
create sugar from complex
carbohydrates, which cells

1662
01:19:43,760 --> 01:19:45,790
can easily get energy from.

1663
01:19:45,790 --> 01:19:48,560
Like that's a textbook
definition of what

1664
01:19:48,560 --> 01:19:51,870
enzymes and amylases do.

1665
01:19:51,870 --> 01:19:55,220
And you can explain that stuff
in your examples of well,

1666
01:19:55,220 --> 01:19:58,540
it turns out we're not the
only things that eat our food.

1667
01:19:58,540 --> 01:20:02,260
Bacteria do that, too.

1668
01:20:02,260 --> 01:20:04,190
I don't think it's
super accurate to say

1669
01:20:04,190 --> 01:20:05,360
that enzymes eat our food.

1670
01:20:05,360 --> 01:20:09,560
But you know what I mean, never
leave an island of a definition

1671
01:20:09,560 --> 01:20:10,240
out on its own.

1672
01:20:10,240 --> 01:20:11,070
I guess.

1673
01:20:11,070 --> 01:20:17,325
Like don't have
this random-- don't

1674
01:20:17,325 --> 01:20:20,520
leave random islands of
facts just hanging out

1675
01:20:20,520 --> 01:20:25,490
in the middle of your script,
for the purposes of this video.

1676
01:20:25,490 --> 01:20:28,700
I think this is
an important idea.

1677
01:20:28,700 --> 01:20:31,490
I think you can integrate in the
context of an example, though.

1678
01:20:31,490 --> 01:20:34,189
Does that make sense?

1679
01:20:34,189 --> 01:20:35,730
Is that making sense
to other people?

1680
01:20:35,730 --> 01:20:37,678
Yeah, what were you
going to say, Joshua?

1681
01:20:37,678 --> 01:20:44,384
AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] I
had the question in my mind

1682
01:20:44,384 --> 01:20:47,740
that the topic of
smell wasn't addressed.

1683
01:20:47,740 --> 01:20:50,455
PROFESSOR: Oh, right about here.

1684
01:20:53,160 --> 01:20:56,270
Yeah, right now you
set up sight and smell

1685
01:20:56,270 --> 01:20:58,600
as two unrelated things.

1686
01:20:58,600 --> 01:21:01,390
But I think you don't have
to separate the smell out.

1687
01:21:01,390 --> 01:21:05,370
You can say, when the
bacteria break down

1688
01:21:05,370 --> 01:21:11,210
the exterior of the cell,
and the crap oozes out of it,

1689
01:21:11,210 --> 01:21:19,130
it also is leaking out chemicals
that cause rancid smells.

1690
01:21:19,130 --> 01:21:22,072
So you don't necessarily
have to differentiate

1691
01:21:22,072 --> 01:21:23,238
that it is a separate topic.

1692
01:21:30,730 --> 01:21:32,800
One more thing, again
this is a personal thing,

1693
01:21:32,800 --> 01:21:36,300
but I just think the word rot
is a lot more visceral and a lot

1694
01:21:36,300 --> 01:21:39,130
more the familiar to people.

1695
01:21:39,130 --> 01:21:41,400
So I know that you talk a
lot about decomposition,

1696
01:21:41,400 --> 01:21:43,290
but maybe if you
open it with why do

1697
01:21:43,290 --> 01:21:45,560
things rot in the first place.

1698
01:21:45,560 --> 01:21:48,450
What would happen
if things didn't.

1699
01:21:48,450 --> 01:21:54,180
That might be a little bit
more welcoming to viewers.

1700
01:21:54,180 --> 01:21:58,020
Any final thoughts
about this one?

1701
01:21:58,020 --> 01:22:00,260
Again, I think in
general people are

1702
01:22:00,260 --> 01:22:03,200
in really good shape with
their ideas, and the concepts,

1703
01:22:03,200 --> 01:22:04,630
and the topics of their scripts.

1704
01:22:04,630 --> 01:22:07,850
It's really a matter of
restructuring it, escaping away

1705
01:22:07,850 --> 01:22:10,480
from the traditional
five paragraph structure

1706
01:22:10,480 --> 01:22:12,850
and really hitting into
money shots right away.

1707
01:22:12,850 --> 01:22:14,600
That's going to help
your videos the most.

1708
01:22:20,370 --> 01:22:21,915
Andrea, would you
mind reading next?

1709
01:22:27,168 --> 01:22:28,668
AUDIENCE: Can you
pass the mic over?

1710
01:22:34,620 --> 01:22:38,060
Everyone gets to hear my
nice bronchitis voice.

1711
01:22:48,027 --> 01:22:49,860
I'm going to mime through
most of this, too.

1712
01:22:53,110 --> 01:22:55,140
Mmm, delicious.

1713
01:22:55,140 --> 01:22:58,070
Eating foods is one of the
great pleasures of life.

1714
01:22:58,070 --> 01:23:01,060
And to enjoy foods from
apples to candy bars,

1715
01:23:01,060 --> 01:23:05,220
we rely on one part of
our bodies, our teeth.

1716
01:23:05,220 --> 01:23:07,420
Teeth are the
hardest substances in

1717
01:23:07,420 --> 01:23:10,460
our bodies-- little
animation holding

1718
01:23:10,460 --> 01:23:13,420
a tooth-- harder than
our bones and even harder

1719
01:23:13,420 --> 01:23:15,560
than iron or steel.

1720
01:23:15,560 --> 01:23:19,040
While we chew, our teeth
actually experience forces up

1721
01:23:19,040 --> 01:23:22,180
to 225 pounds.

1722
01:23:22,180 --> 01:23:24,800
That's like having a mountain
goat jump up and down

1723
01:23:24,800 --> 01:23:28,300
on our teeth hundreds
of times each day--

1724
01:23:28,300 --> 01:23:31,730
little animation
of a mountain goat.

1725
01:23:31,730 --> 01:23:33,570
So why doesn't our
jar just crumble

1726
01:23:33,570 --> 01:23:38,900
under all of those forces--
explanation graphic.

1727
01:23:38,900 --> 01:23:39,790
Between your tooth--

1728
01:23:39,790 --> 01:23:42,081
PROFESSOR: Are you guys
following along on your script?

1729
01:23:47,200 --> 01:23:49,570
AUDIENCE: Between your
tooth and your jawbone

1730
01:23:49,570 --> 01:23:51,980
there's a specialized
piece of tissue

1731
01:23:51,980 --> 01:23:56,770
called the periodontal
ligament, or PDL for short.

1732
01:23:56,770 --> 01:24:00,070
The PDL can easily
absorb the normal forces

1733
01:24:00,070 --> 01:24:02,140
that a tooth
experiences while we

1734
01:24:02,140 --> 01:24:05,440
chew, say, an apple,
cushioning or protecting

1735
01:24:05,440 --> 01:24:08,340
our jaw bone from our teeth.

1736
01:24:08,340 --> 01:24:12,380
And inside the PDL there are
all different kinds of cells.

1737
01:24:12,380 --> 01:24:15,450
One type, called
mechanoreceptors,

1738
01:24:15,450 --> 01:24:19,920
sense forces of movement or
pressure applied to the tooth.

1739
01:24:19,920 --> 01:24:23,190
If the force is large enough,
such as biting into an apple

1740
01:24:23,190 --> 01:24:25,800
seed, these receptors
tell your brain

1741
01:24:25,800 --> 01:24:30,780
to stop biting down-- graphic.

1742
01:24:30,780 --> 01:24:34,650
But what if we want to force
teeth in a certain direction,

1743
01:24:34,650 --> 01:24:37,320
like with braces?

1744
01:24:37,320 --> 01:24:40,920
As the braces pull
on the tooth, the PDL

1745
01:24:40,920 --> 01:24:44,050
is squeezed in one direction
and stretched in the other,

1746
01:24:44,050 --> 01:24:46,190
kind of like a rubber band.

1747
01:24:46,190 --> 01:24:48,280
And here's where it
gets really interesting.

1748
01:24:48,280 --> 01:24:51,240
To make room for the
PDL, cells called

1749
01:24:51,240 --> 01:24:54,380
osteoclasts come in and
dissolve a little bit

1750
01:24:54,380 --> 01:24:56,780
of the bone in your jaw.

1751
01:24:56,780 --> 01:25:00,530
Another type of cell called an
osteoblast comes in and then

1752
01:25:00,530 --> 01:25:03,990
builds up the jaw bone so
the PDL cushion can get back

1753
01:25:03,990 --> 01:25:08,770
to its proper shape holding
the tooth in its new position.

1754
01:25:08,770 --> 01:25:12,220
Cut to image of the entire body
with the skeleton highlighted.

1755
01:25:12,220 --> 01:25:14,260
Your jaw isn't the
only place where

1756
01:25:14,260 --> 01:25:16,760
these osteoclasts
and osteoblasts

1757
01:25:16,760 --> 01:25:18,530
alter your bone structure.

1758
01:25:18,530 --> 01:25:21,390
In fact, this bony
remodeling process

1759
01:25:21,390 --> 01:25:24,840
is happening throughout
your body all the time.

1760
01:25:24,840 --> 01:25:29,020
When braces-- where braces use
osteoblasts to physically move

1761
01:25:29,020 --> 01:25:31,950
things around that are
already in our bodies,

1762
01:25:31,950 --> 01:25:35,290
what if we try to use them to
replace things in our bodies,

1763
01:25:35,290 --> 01:25:37,320
like implants?

1764
01:25:37,320 --> 01:25:41,040
Implants are kind of like
spare parts for our bodies.

1765
01:25:41,040 --> 01:25:43,820
And MIT engineers are
using the properties

1766
01:25:43,820 --> 01:25:48,240
of osteoblasts and osteoclasts
that are already in our bodies

1767
01:25:48,240 --> 01:25:51,860
to create a chemical
coating for these implants.

1768
01:25:51,860 --> 01:25:54,230
Just like in a
mouth with braces,

1769
01:25:54,230 --> 01:25:57,740
this osteoblast coating
will create natural bone

1770
01:25:57,740 --> 01:26:01,050
to help lock the
implant in place.

1771
01:26:01,050 --> 01:26:04,540
And this is a new section.

1772
01:26:04,540 --> 01:26:06,760
Right now, implants
are designed to have

1773
01:26:06,760 --> 01:26:10,800
the same functionality as the
body parts they are replacing.

1774
01:26:10,800 --> 01:26:13,880
But in the future, scientists
could make implants

1775
01:26:13,880 --> 01:26:16,630
that work better than
the original body parts,

1776
01:26:16,630 --> 01:26:21,890
using bone remodeling to make us
lighter, stronger, and faster.

1777
01:26:21,890 --> 01:26:24,690
And then, at a certain
point, like at the end,

1778
01:26:24,690 --> 01:26:28,680
I'm actually wearing this
weird cyber thing over my eye.

1779
01:26:28,680 --> 01:26:31,030
That's the end.

1780
01:26:31,030 --> 01:26:34,479
[APPLAUSE]

1781
01:26:34,479 --> 01:26:37,020
PROFESSOR: So you're clocking
in at about four minutes, which

1782
01:26:37,020 --> 01:26:40,180
is good.

1783
01:26:40,180 --> 01:26:43,550
And I thought the delivery
was also a really nice, too.

1784
01:26:46,538 --> 01:26:49,028
AUDIENCE: I got so much more
out of it than reading it,

1785
01:26:49,028 --> 01:26:51,020
which is funny because
I don't usually

1786
01:26:51,020 --> 01:26:54,030
process things that way.

1787
01:26:54,030 --> 01:26:58,720
Yeah, but the way that you did
it was so slow and dramatic,

1788
01:26:58,720 --> 01:27:00,430
like the way that
you emphasized,

1789
01:27:00,430 --> 01:27:02,260
it was helping me process it.

1790
01:27:02,260 --> 01:27:03,610
It was really good.

1791
01:27:03,610 --> 01:27:07,320
PROFESSOR: I like the way that
you emphasize the word same.

1792
01:27:07,320 --> 01:27:10,400
Lot of people would
do the same thing.

1793
01:27:10,400 --> 01:27:13,180
They would just sort of
accent the word the same.

1794
01:27:13,180 --> 01:27:16,580
But you sort of linger on
in it, it's same thing.

1795
01:27:16,580 --> 01:27:18,390
And I actually really like that.

1796
01:27:18,390 --> 01:27:21,300
I think it's a delivery
that is not necessarily

1797
01:27:21,300 --> 01:27:24,280
intuitive to a lot of people,
but it works really nicely

1798
01:27:24,280 --> 01:27:25,150
in that context.

1799
01:27:30,110 --> 01:27:33,070
All right, so this has
changed quite a bit

1800
01:27:33,070 --> 01:27:36,360
from your original
idea, which was

1801
01:27:36,360 --> 01:27:42,480
the first on how braces work
to more about bone remodeling

1802
01:27:42,480 --> 01:27:44,370
and rebuilding.

1803
01:27:44,370 --> 01:27:47,200
Does anyone have comments
off the bat about the script?

1804
01:27:47,200 --> 01:27:48,888
Yeah, Julia.

1805
01:27:48,888 --> 01:27:53,352
AUDIENCE: I really enjoyed it,
especially at the beginning

1806
01:27:53,352 --> 01:27:58,755
when you're talking about our
teeth are stronger than steel.

1807
01:27:58,755 --> 01:28:00,296
And you kind of
demand the attention.

1808
01:28:00,296 --> 01:28:03,272
And also when you mentioned this
is where it gets interesting,

1809
01:28:03,272 --> 01:28:08,728
so I kind of, oh, I should
listen to this is the reaction.

1810
01:28:08,728 --> 01:28:11,730
The only thing I kind of
wanted to learn more about

1811
01:28:11,730 --> 01:28:18,546
was how can you withstand the
mountain goat on your teeth.

1812
01:28:18,546 --> 01:28:25,665
That was something very--
it had a large wow factor.

1813
01:28:25,665 --> 01:28:28,820
And to me that was like, oh,
how does that actually happen.

1814
01:28:28,820 --> 01:28:31,300
That's the only thing I
wanted to know more about.

1815
01:28:31,300 --> 01:28:33,800
But other than that I
enjoyed the information.

1816
01:28:33,800 --> 01:28:35,787
And it made a lot
of sense because it

1817
01:28:35,787 --> 01:28:41,320
wasn't very scientific, as in
didn't have a lot of jargon.

1818
01:28:41,320 --> 01:28:43,775
AUDIENCE: I did get great
feedback from Elizabeth,

1819
01:28:43,775 --> 01:28:47,170
and [INAUDIBLE], and
Jamie, and George.

1820
01:28:47,170 --> 01:28:51,450
I think the crumbling
job was Elizabeth.

1821
01:28:51,450 --> 01:28:54,070
PROFESSOR: I agree that
you did a really nice job.

1822
01:28:54,070 --> 01:28:57,790
You don't start with a
money shot, necessarily.

1823
01:28:57,790 --> 01:29:00,010
Like you don't start with
the big picture question,

1824
01:29:00,010 --> 01:29:01,560
but I think it
works in the script

1825
01:29:01,560 --> 01:29:04,460
because she has so
many shareable facts

1826
01:29:04,460 --> 01:29:06,150
off the beginning.

1827
01:29:06,150 --> 01:29:09,510
And it's not a traditional
five paragraph set up

1828
01:29:09,510 --> 01:29:12,680
where she talks a lot about
defining what the PDL was,

1829
01:29:12,680 --> 01:29:15,315
which is kind of what your
earlier iteration of the script

1830
01:29:15,315 --> 01:29:17,500
did.

1831
01:29:17,500 --> 01:29:21,060
But I think this is a great
example of not necessarily

1832
01:29:21,060 --> 01:29:23,230
defining every
single fact that you

1833
01:29:23,230 --> 01:29:27,110
need to know about
dentistry to get the point.

1834
01:29:27,110 --> 01:29:29,560
I want you to follow
along because you're

1835
01:29:29,560 --> 01:29:34,360
setting up sort of-- it's sort
of establishing characters.

1836
01:29:34,360 --> 01:29:36,680
Like the PDL is a
character in the story.

1837
01:29:36,680 --> 01:29:40,560
And what all of these
shareable facts do

1838
01:29:40,560 --> 01:29:42,800
is that it creates
the persona of the PDL

1839
01:29:42,800 --> 01:29:44,990
as being something
really strong,

1840
01:29:44,990 --> 01:29:48,110
and something really robust.

1841
01:29:48,110 --> 01:29:50,500
And the fact that
we're now, as humans,

1842
01:29:50,500 --> 01:29:53,950
going to try to manipulate
that, it establishes

1843
01:29:53,950 --> 01:29:55,530
the challenge in
that, which I think

1844
01:29:55,530 --> 01:29:57,030
is a really nice
thing that it does.

1845
01:30:05,760 --> 01:30:09,040
This section is not
as related to it,

1846
01:30:09,040 --> 01:30:11,104
but I think the
video is short enough

1847
01:30:11,104 --> 01:30:13,020
to where you can include
it, because it's just

1848
01:30:13,020 --> 01:30:14,850
kind of a cool fact.

1849
01:30:14,850 --> 01:30:18,235
Do you guys find
that distracting?

1850
01:30:18,235 --> 01:30:19,985
Or do you think it's
OK to leave in there?

1851
01:30:19,985 --> 01:30:20,901
AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].

1852
01:30:30,430 --> 01:30:34,858
AUDIENCE: I have a different
question to go with that.

1853
01:30:34,858 --> 01:30:38,958
So there's something that's kind
of missing at the end, which

1854
01:30:38,958 --> 01:30:40,270
is the four minute question.

1855
01:30:40,270 --> 01:30:42,478
I don't know that this is
actually a four minute one,

1856
01:30:42,478 --> 01:30:44,206
because if you
add on my comment,

1857
01:30:44,206 --> 01:30:47,650
it might add some
[SOUND] to the end.

1858
01:30:47,650 --> 01:30:52,600
I feel like the end ends
kind of abruptly for me.

1859
01:30:52,600 --> 01:30:54,990
And so I think we get
back to your question

1860
01:30:54,990 --> 01:30:56,810
once we know where we're ending.

1861
01:30:56,810 --> 01:31:00,430
But part of me wants-- you
asked some really good questions

1862
01:31:00,430 --> 01:31:04,570
at the very end about
what if we manipulate

1863
01:31:04,570 --> 01:31:08,450
the body to be better, stronger,
lighter, all of those things.

1864
01:31:08,450 --> 01:31:12,100
Then it asks all these moral
questions, of like, is that OK.

1865
01:31:15,140 --> 01:31:17,112
I mean, what about the Olympics.

1866
01:31:17,112 --> 01:31:20,070
What does that do for people who
have replacement arms and now

1867
01:31:20,070 --> 01:31:21,570
they can throw faster.

1868
01:31:21,570 --> 01:31:24,540
There's all this world of
questions that have nothing

1869
01:31:24,540 --> 01:31:28,310
to do with the actual
physicality of pulling it off,

1870
01:31:28,310 --> 01:31:33,280
but it makes you wonder about
this super human race that

1871
01:31:33,280 --> 01:31:36,685
could be created by replacing
a lot of our functional parts

1872
01:31:36,685 --> 01:31:39,110
with things that are
better, faster, stronger.

1873
01:31:39,110 --> 01:31:40,580
All of the above.

1874
01:31:40,580 --> 01:31:43,956
But aside from
even going there, I

1875
01:31:43,956 --> 01:31:45,414
feel like I want
you to tie it back

1876
01:31:45,414 --> 01:31:48,910
to the apple at the
beginning somehow, and teeth.

1877
01:31:48,910 --> 01:31:50,930
So I don't know if
it's possible to allude

1878
01:31:50,930 --> 01:31:54,370
to all of the moral questions
that this might bring up

1879
01:31:54,370 --> 01:31:57,170
without having to
go deeply into it,

1880
01:31:57,170 --> 01:31:59,440
because we don't
have to answer that.

1881
01:31:59,440 --> 01:32:02,360
We just have to get
people thinking.

1882
01:32:02,360 --> 01:32:06,471
And maybe tying it,
somehow, back to the teeth,

1883
01:32:06,471 --> 01:32:09,333
somehow, because that's
what we started with.

1884
01:32:09,333 --> 01:32:12,195
I'm not sure what that
direct [INAUDIBLE] is yet.

1885
01:32:15,070 --> 01:32:17,690
But that, to me, would
feel-- so you start with--

1886
01:32:17,690 --> 01:32:20,760
and the apple is very central
and the teeth are a very

1887
01:32:20,760 --> 01:32:22,433
central part of the story.

1888
01:32:22,433 --> 01:32:24,130
And then we sort of go forward.

1889
01:32:24,130 --> 01:32:26,903
But forget why we
started there at the end.

1890
01:32:26,903 --> 01:32:30,065
And I'm wondering maybe
you guys have a clever way

1891
01:32:30,065 --> 01:32:32,460
to tie it back to that concept.

1892
01:32:32,460 --> 01:32:35,160
But I feel a little unsatisfied
leaving that apple at the front

1893
01:32:35,160 --> 01:32:38,604
and not coming back at all.

1894
01:32:38,604 --> 01:32:42,048
AUDIENCE: Maybe if
you added [INAUDIBLE],

1895
01:32:42,048 --> 01:32:44,508
not just in the future
can scientists do that.

1896
01:32:44,508 --> 01:32:46,968
But they're already kind
of doing that with braces.

1897
01:32:46,968 --> 01:32:48,936
And then it goes
back to the teeth.

1898
01:32:48,936 --> 01:32:49,930
AUDIENCE: There you go.

1899
01:32:49,930 --> 01:32:50,430
Right.

1900
01:32:50,430 --> 01:32:51,860
And just bring it
back to the idea

1901
01:32:51,860 --> 01:32:54,730
that they're doing all
these crazy things.

1902
01:32:54,730 --> 01:32:56,820
Think about your arms,
your legs, your nose,

1903
01:32:56,820 --> 01:32:59,010
or whatever piece of
your body that you might

1904
01:32:59,010 --> 01:33:02,590
want to trade out and upgrade.

1905
01:33:02,590 --> 01:33:06,630
But every day people around you
are doing that with their teeth

1906
01:33:06,630 --> 01:33:07,820
and we take it for granted.

1907
01:33:07,820 --> 01:33:11,524
Just something that-- just
a quick tie back to that.

1908
01:33:11,524 --> 01:33:17,002
AUDIENCE: Also, and that kind of
goes along with the goat thing.

1909
01:33:17,002 --> 01:33:20,986
The fact that these implants
work better make people

1910
01:33:20,986 --> 01:33:25,966
want to replace the
bones in their body.

1911
01:33:25,966 --> 01:33:30,946
Just I want stronger arm
bones, or something like that.

1912
01:33:30,946 --> 01:33:34,432
So I think, for me, that's
another question that I had,

1913
01:33:34,432 --> 01:33:39,940
what are the implications of
these implants for our society?

1914
01:33:39,940 --> 01:33:42,213
AUDIENCE: Are they,
right now, are they

1915
01:33:42,213 --> 01:33:43,213
prohibitively expensive.

1916
01:33:43,213 --> 01:33:48,659
Are they-- you don't have
to go totally out there.

1917
01:33:48,659 --> 01:33:49,700
But I think you're right.

1918
01:33:49,700 --> 01:33:53,600
And as an audience member you're
wondering, oh, I love running.

1919
01:33:53,600 --> 01:33:55,630
Maybe I could run
faster if I just traded

1920
01:33:55,630 --> 01:33:57,990
my legs for different ones.

1921
01:33:57,990 --> 01:33:59,800
Like why couldn't I do that?

1922
01:33:59,800 --> 01:34:02,080
Are we ten years away from that?

1923
01:34:02,080 --> 01:34:05,354
Ten thousand years away
from being able to do that?

1924
01:34:05,354 --> 01:34:07,020
PROFESSOR: The only
thing is I'm worried

1925
01:34:07,020 --> 01:34:09,450
that this is opening
up a huge can of warms

1926
01:34:09,450 --> 01:34:11,020
at the end of your video.

1927
01:34:11,020 --> 01:34:13,370
So maybe a quick way to sort
of gloss over it, and maybe

1928
01:34:13,370 --> 01:34:16,860
this is a little
cheap, but what I would

1929
01:34:16,860 --> 01:34:19,680
do if I were trying
to fix or rework

1930
01:34:19,680 --> 01:34:22,510
some of the ending-- and
endings are so hard to write.

1931
01:34:22,510 --> 01:34:25,060
I don't know if you guys
have experienced this before,

1932
01:34:25,060 --> 01:34:27,810
but I've always found the
ending to be the hardest

1933
01:34:27,810 --> 01:34:29,610
part to write in the script.

1934
01:34:29,610 --> 01:34:32,856
But what if you went, your
jaw isn't the only place

1935
01:34:32,856 --> 01:34:34,480
where these osteoclasts
and osteoblasts

1936
01:34:34,480 --> 01:34:35,760
alter your bone structure.

1937
01:34:35,760 --> 01:34:38,000
In fact, this bony remodeling
processes happening

1938
01:34:38,000 --> 01:34:39,930
throughout the entire body.

1939
01:34:39,930 --> 01:34:43,310
And where braces use osteoblasts
to physically move things that

1940
01:34:43,310 --> 01:34:47,400
are already in our
bodies, Engineer

1941
01:34:47,400 --> 01:34:50,260
use the properties
of these cells

1942
01:34:50,260 --> 01:34:54,350
to replace things in our bodies.

1943
01:34:54,350 --> 01:34:59,370
Now the idea of building
ourselves as bionicle people

1944
01:34:59,370 --> 01:35:01,577
and replacing our bones
with stronger ones

1945
01:35:01,577 --> 01:35:03,785
may sound like something
out of science fiction book.

1946
01:35:03,785 --> 01:35:05,430
But when you think
about it, that's

1947
01:35:05,430 --> 01:35:09,800
what the things that most
teenagers have to use

1948
01:35:09,800 --> 01:35:12,880
do as well.

1949
01:35:12,880 --> 01:35:15,020
Then add an ending
sentence that I

1950
01:35:15,020 --> 01:35:18,430
can't think of right now,
crunch, into your apple.

1951
01:35:18,430 --> 01:35:20,721
So that way you've
kind of reduced--

1952
01:35:20,721 --> 01:35:22,220
AUDIENCE: Yeah,
that's what we need.

1953
01:35:22,220 --> 01:35:26,212
It doesn't need to be long, but
it needs to tie those concepts.

1954
01:35:26,212 --> 01:35:27,325
Yeah, I like that a lot.

1955
01:35:27,325 --> 01:35:29,700
PROFESSOR: And I can talk to
you more about it afterwards

1956
01:35:29,700 --> 01:35:33,690
because I can't ad lib a
great script impromptu.

1957
01:35:33,690 --> 01:35:37,040
But that way you're sort of
condensing all this down,

1958
01:35:37,040 --> 01:35:40,800
because I really love the
example of the implants.

1959
01:35:40,800 --> 01:35:42,320
But I want your
focus of the video

1960
01:35:42,320 --> 01:35:45,990
to be on braces, basically,
so that way you're

1961
01:35:45,990 --> 01:35:47,740
just sort of hinting
at it and then

1962
01:35:47,740 --> 01:35:50,720
tying it back to the
beginning with the apple.

1963
01:35:50,720 --> 01:35:55,771
AUDIENCE: Do you-- people know
that if your braces come off

1964
01:35:55,771 --> 01:35:58,830
and you don't wear your
retainers they go right back.

1965
01:35:58,830 --> 01:36:02,630
Which I just wonder if someone
who's listening to this

1966
01:36:02,630 --> 01:36:05,970
is like, well, if you
follows Andrea logic,

1967
01:36:05,970 --> 01:36:10,500
my teeth have
permanently rebuilt

1968
01:36:10,500 --> 01:36:12,710
their cellular structure
in this new space.

1969
01:36:12,710 --> 01:36:15,970
Why would I need to do that?

1970
01:36:15,970 --> 01:36:18,270
PROFESSOR: That's a good point.

1971
01:36:18,270 --> 01:36:20,950
AUDIENCE: Like if
understand what you're

1972
01:36:20,950 --> 01:36:25,736
sharing in this from a cellular
level is actually going on,

1973
01:36:25,736 --> 01:36:28,180
I shouldn't have
to wear a retainer,

1974
01:36:28,180 --> 01:36:32,814
because my cells have--
things have ground together.

1975
01:36:32,814 --> 01:36:35,174
And a change has actually
happened in my mouth.

1976
01:36:35,174 --> 01:36:37,350
It's not just the movement,
but it's physically

1977
01:36:37,350 --> 01:36:39,410
changing my mouth, right?

1978
01:36:39,410 --> 01:36:42,660
So why should I have
to wear a retainer

1979
01:36:42,660 --> 01:36:45,949
if my mouth is actually
changed because of my braces?

1980
01:36:45,949 --> 01:36:47,740
PROFESSOR: Can you just
add a line in there

1981
01:36:47,740 --> 01:36:54,720
after you say that the
PDL cushion gets back

1982
01:36:54,720 --> 01:36:56,290
into its proper shape.

1983
01:36:56,290 --> 01:36:59,750
And then having
a retainer make--

1984
01:36:59,750 --> 01:37:02,770
because bone remodeling and
rebuilding happens constantly.

1985
01:37:02,770 --> 01:37:04,860
I think that's the
one fact that isn't

1986
01:37:04,860 --> 01:37:08,640
in there that might be
the crucial point here,

1987
01:37:08,640 --> 01:37:10,700
that even after you get
braces your osteoclasts

1988
01:37:10,700 --> 01:37:14,240
and osteoblasts are continually
remodeling your jaw.

1989
01:37:14,240 --> 01:37:18,350
That a retainer make sure that
the osteoblasts and clasts

1990
01:37:18,350 --> 01:37:21,486
reformation is happening
in the right place.

1991
01:37:21,486 --> 01:37:23,360
You can just throw in
a quick sentence there,

1992
01:37:23,360 --> 01:37:25,770
or a quick afterthought
to that sentence.

1993
01:37:25,770 --> 01:37:27,220
And I think that clarifies that.

1994
01:37:36,040 --> 01:37:38,245
AUDIENCE: I think another
thing to point out

1995
01:37:38,245 --> 01:37:44,370
is that your descriptions of
the science that goes behind it

1996
01:37:44,370 --> 01:37:46,330
don't seem very heavy.

1997
01:37:46,330 --> 01:37:50,270
So if you wanted to
add more science,

1998
01:37:50,270 --> 01:37:54,230
maybe, I think that would
be OK in this video.

1999
01:37:54,230 --> 01:37:57,210
I wasn't distracted by the
science that was there.

2000
01:37:57,210 --> 01:38:02,412
So if necessary, to
add more about the PDL,

2001
01:38:02,412 --> 01:38:05,540
that could be done.

2002
01:38:05,540 --> 01:38:07,915
AUDIENCE: Well, I originally
had a lot more about the PDL

2003
01:38:07,915 --> 01:38:10,290
and I ended up cutting it out.

2004
01:38:10,290 --> 01:38:15,750
PROFESSOR: I mean the reason why
I suggested that you take some

2005
01:38:15,750 --> 01:38:19,180
of the stuff about the PDL out
is because the video was really

2006
01:38:19,180 --> 01:38:22,140
starting to seem
more about the PDL

2007
01:38:22,140 --> 01:38:24,810
and less about bone remodeling.

2008
01:38:24,810 --> 01:38:27,230
So I agree that the way
you've worded things,

2009
01:38:27,230 --> 01:38:30,610
it's not too jargony.

2010
01:38:30,610 --> 01:38:33,790
So if you wanted to add
more about remodeling

2011
01:38:33,790 --> 01:38:36,130
and rebuilding, and more
about the osteoblasts

2012
01:38:36,130 --> 01:38:41,700
and osteoclasts, maybe how
that bone remodeling happens

2013
01:38:41,700 --> 01:38:47,170
to you in your leg bones
all the time when you grow.

2014
01:38:47,170 --> 01:38:52,100
I think that's a perfectly
nice place for that addition.

2015
01:38:52,100 --> 01:38:57,780
If you want to make room for it,
I do think that-- what is it--

2016
01:38:57,780 --> 01:38:59,150
the mechanoreceptors part.

2017
01:38:59,150 --> 01:39:02,069
It's a neat thing that I'm
OK with having in there.

2018
01:39:02,069 --> 01:39:03,610
But if you need to
make room for more

2019
01:39:03,610 --> 01:39:05,750
science about the
osteoblasts and osteoclasts,

2020
01:39:05,750 --> 01:39:07,790
I think it's OK
to take out, too.

2021
01:39:07,790 --> 01:39:10,404
But I would hesitate to
talk more about the PDL,

2022
01:39:10,404 --> 01:39:11,820
because then you're
really getting

2023
01:39:11,820 --> 01:39:13,440
into a different type of video.

2024
01:39:13,440 --> 01:39:18,640
Which if that's what you want
to pursue, that's totally fine.

2025
01:39:18,640 --> 01:39:22,560
But I think to me the
video is really more

2026
01:39:22,560 --> 01:39:27,070
about bone remodeling than it is
about the periodontal ligament.

2027
01:39:27,070 --> 01:39:29,344
So that's my only hesitation
with adding more facts

2028
01:39:29,344 --> 01:39:30,338
about the PDL.

2029
01:39:39,284 --> 01:39:41,290
Does that sound good?

2030
01:39:41,290 --> 01:39:43,430
All right, any last
thoughts Andrea's?

2031
01:39:46,680 --> 01:39:49,070
No.

2032
01:39:49,070 --> 01:39:51,400
All right, Paul, do
you want to go next.

2033
01:39:51,400 --> 01:39:52,310
Or PJ.

2034
01:39:52,310 --> 01:39:55,410
Paul is actually a PJ,
as discovered last week

2035
01:39:55,410 --> 01:39:56,952
at the end of class.

2036
01:39:56,952 --> 01:39:58,916
AUDIENCE: My parents
told me the other day

2037
01:39:58,916 --> 01:40:01,249
that I didn't have a first
name for the first three days

2038
01:40:01,249 --> 01:40:01,870
I was born.

2039
01:40:01,870 --> 01:40:03,300
AUDIENCE: Wait, so
you're formally PJ?

2040
01:40:03,300 --> 01:40:04,633
AUDIENCE: No, I'm formally Paul.

2041
01:40:04,633 --> 01:40:06,831
But it took them three
days to [INAUDIBLE].

2042
01:40:06,831 --> 01:40:08,330
AUDIENCE: But
everyone calls you PJ?

2043
01:40:08,330 --> 01:40:11,823
AUDIENCE: Uh, it's 50-50.

2044
01:40:11,823 --> 01:40:13,198
AUDIENCE: OK,
because I was like,

2045
01:40:13,198 --> 01:40:14,739
gosh, why didn't we
know this sooner.

2046
01:40:14,739 --> 01:40:16,992
PROFESSOR: Yeah, this was
my reaction last week, too,

2047
01:40:16,992 --> 01:40:18,474
at the end of class.

2048
01:40:25,400 --> 01:40:27,270
Oh yeah, the doc is gone.

2049
01:40:31,220 --> 01:40:33,235
Siri's updating it-- or Sari.

2050
01:40:33,235 --> 01:40:35,608
Sorry, I don't know
why I keep doing that.

2051
01:40:39,070 --> 01:40:41,530
Wait, so your parents knew
that you were going to be a PJ,

2052
01:40:41,530 --> 01:40:42,292
they just didn't--

2053
01:40:42,292 --> 01:40:43,440
AUDIENCE: No, no,
they didn't know

2054
01:40:43,440 --> 01:40:44,648
what my name was going to be.

2055
01:40:44,648 --> 01:40:45,592
PROFESSOR: Oh, ok.

2056
01:40:45,592 --> 01:40:47,550
AUDIENCE: It's amazing
how many people do that.

2057
01:40:47,550 --> 01:40:49,530
Did they know you were
going to be a boy?

2058
01:40:49,530 --> 01:40:52,005
AUDIENCE: No.

2059
01:40:52,005 --> 01:40:53,985
They did it old school.

2060
01:40:53,985 --> 01:41:09,825
[INAUDIBLE] No, I don't.

2061
01:41:09,825 --> 01:41:11,999
I'm the youngest [INAUDIBLE].

2062
01:41:11,999 --> 01:41:13,290
AUDIENCE: You run out of names.

2063
01:41:16,076 --> 01:41:17,076
PROFESSOR: Is it up now?

2064
01:41:20,480 --> 01:41:20,980
Refresh.

2065
01:41:30,192 --> 01:41:31,900
Yeah, it's still
showing up blank for me.

2066
01:41:35,386 --> 01:41:37,520
Do you mind reading it
from your Google doc

2067
01:41:37,520 --> 01:41:41,544
while Sari figures that out?

2068
01:41:41,544 --> 01:41:43,492
AUDIENCE: All right.

2069
01:41:43,492 --> 01:41:44,953
PROFESSOR: All
right, laptops down.

2070
01:41:49,830 --> 01:41:51,710
And remember, read it
like you would host it.

2071
01:41:57,500 --> 01:42:00,190
AUDIENCE: Let's take the
small foam box, Orca One,

2072
01:42:00,190 --> 01:42:02,160
and cut a hole in it.

2073
01:42:02,160 --> 01:42:06,330
Now, let's put this box in
water and see what happens.

2074
01:42:06,330 --> 01:42:08,100
As you can see, the
box unfortunately

2075
01:42:08,100 --> 01:42:11,290
sinks due to the weight
of the added water.

2076
01:42:11,290 --> 01:42:15,400
Now what if that box contained
cargo, or oil, or even people.

2077
01:42:15,400 --> 01:42:19,010
That would make for a very bad.

2078
01:42:19,010 --> 01:42:22,710
Now let's take Orca Two
and do the same thing.

2079
01:42:22,710 --> 01:42:24,876
You can see that Orca Two
do not sink, all though it

2080
01:42:24,876 --> 01:42:26,660
is sitting at an angle.

2081
01:42:26,660 --> 01:42:29,910
So why did Orca Two not sink?

2082
01:42:29,910 --> 01:42:32,130
As easy as it sounds,
this simple demonstration

2083
01:42:32,130 --> 01:42:35,447
is essential to the design
of huge, complex ships, ships

2084
01:42:35,447 --> 01:42:37,280
that are responsible
for safely transporting

2085
01:42:37,280 --> 01:42:40,510
90% of all our stuff.

2086
01:42:40,510 --> 01:42:42,090
As naval architects,
how do we design

2087
01:42:42,090 --> 01:42:45,040
ships carrying our stuff to
make it into port safely and not

2088
01:42:45,040 --> 01:42:45,989
sink?

2089
01:42:45,989 --> 01:42:47,280
Well, let's take a look inside.

2090
01:42:50,020 --> 01:42:52,870
Here we have Orca One
and Orca To from before.

2091
01:42:52,870 --> 01:42:55,980
Even though these boxes do not
engage in international trade,

2092
01:42:55,980 --> 01:42:59,940
they behave just as 1,000
foot steel cargo ship would.

2093
01:42:59,940 --> 01:43:02,910
If we remove the top the
boxes and take a look inside,

2094
01:43:02,910 --> 01:43:05,130
we see that Orca Two is
divided into compartments

2095
01:43:05,130 --> 01:43:07,410
by these walls, called
transverse bulkheads,

2096
01:43:07,410 --> 01:43:10,740
while Orca One is not.

2097
01:43:10,740 --> 01:43:12,800
These compartments
are water tight,

2098
01:43:12,800 --> 01:43:15,250
meaning even if
damage-- [INAUDIBLE].

2099
01:43:15,250 --> 01:43:17,270
So these compartments
are water tight.

2100
01:43:17,270 --> 01:43:19,280
Even if damage occurs in
this part of the ship,

2101
01:43:19,280 --> 01:43:21,840
water rushing in won't go
into other compartments

2102
01:43:21,840 --> 01:43:24,240
because the damage is isolated.

2103
01:43:24,240 --> 01:43:28,240
We refer to Orca Two
as being subdivided.

2104
01:43:28,240 --> 01:43:29,870
It is unclear when
subdivision started

2105
01:43:29,870 --> 01:43:32,980
being used in boat building, but
accounts of Chinese trade ships

2106
01:43:32,980 --> 01:43:35,190
as far back as the
fifth century indicate

2107
01:43:35,190 --> 01:43:37,840
that water would enter
ships without sinking.

2108
01:43:37,840 --> 01:43:40,760
So how exactly does this work?

2109
01:43:40,760 --> 01:43:43,492
Well, when we divide the
ship into water compartments,

2110
01:43:43,492 --> 01:43:44,950
we are limiting
the amount of water

2111
01:43:44,950 --> 01:43:46,700
that can enter the vessel.

2112
01:43:46,700 --> 01:43:51,150
If we divide a ship into 10
equal watertight compartments,

2113
01:43:51,150 --> 01:43:53,650
and one compartment
sprung a leak,

2114
01:43:53,650 --> 01:43:56,130
only that compartment
would take on water.

2115
01:43:56,130 --> 01:43:59,910
This would likely cause
the ship to heel and trim,

2116
01:43:59,910 --> 01:44:01,520
but it would not
cause a complete loss

2117
01:44:01,520 --> 01:44:02,810
of shipping cargo.

2118
01:44:02,810 --> 01:44:05,210
And the ship would be able
to hobble back into port

2119
01:44:05,210 --> 01:44:06,395
and get repairs.

2120
01:44:06,395 --> 01:44:09,320
But why is it so important,
you might be asking.

2121
01:44:09,320 --> 01:44:12,690
Because ships are huge and
they carry a ton of stuff.

2122
01:44:12,690 --> 01:44:15,250
A ship the size of more the
four football fields can

2123
01:44:15,250 --> 01:44:18,860
carry 715 million
bananas, that is about one

2124
01:44:18,860 --> 01:44:20,600
for every European.

2125
01:44:20,600 --> 01:44:23,730
Also, US takes in
almost $2 trillion

2126
01:44:23,730 --> 01:44:26,230
worth of goods every
year through ships.

2127
01:44:26,230 --> 01:44:28,070
So by subdividing
ships, we're ensuring

2128
01:44:28,070 --> 01:44:30,590
the safe delivery of
our stuff and the health

2129
01:44:30,590 --> 01:44:32,850
of international World Trade.

2130
01:44:32,850 --> 01:44:36,580
But sadly, even with subdivision
vessels still can sink.

2131
01:44:36,580 --> 01:44:39,080
It is both expensive
and impractical

2132
01:44:39,080 --> 01:44:41,900
to design a ship that can
withstand any amount of damage,

2133
01:44:41,900 --> 01:44:44,400
so Naval architects consider
the likelihood of damage

2134
01:44:44,400 --> 01:44:47,320
in writing ship
design regulations.

2135
01:44:47,320 --> 01:44:49,560
Also, the use of computers
in naval architecture

2136
01:44:49,560 --> 01:44:52,320
allows us to simulate a
likely damage scenarios,

2137
01:44:52,320 --> 01:44:54,930
so we can better prevent
them from happening.

2138
01:44:54,930 --> 01:44:57,584
So the next time you use your
cellphone or eat a banana,

2139
01:44:57,584 --> 01:44:59,000
remember the amount
of engineering

2140
01:44:59,000 --> 01:45:00,840
that went into safely
delivering it to you.

2141
01:45:09,220 --> 01:45:10,560
PROFESSOR: You are good on time.

2142
01:45:10,560 --> 01:45:11,660
It was about four minutes.

2143
01:45:14,570 --> 01:45:15,300
It's up now?

2144
01:45:15,300 --> 01:45:20,554
So you guys should be able
to access the script now.

2145
01:45:20,554 --> 01:45:22,595
Does anyone have thoughts
about this off the bat?

2146
01:45:28,295 --> 01:45:32,720
AUDIENCE: PJ slash Paul, there
have been moments in class

2147
01:45:32,720 --> 01:45:34,650
when I feel like your
personality has come out

2148
01:45:34,650 --> 01:45:37,890
and I've your eyes
sparkle and your voice--

2149
01:45:37,890 --> 01:45:39,890
I feel like there's
two versions of you.

2150
01:45:39,890 --> 01:45:41,970
There's probably
serious coastguard man.

2151
01:45:41,970 --> 01:45:45,386
And there's like [INAUDIBLE].

2152
01:45:45,386 --> 01:45:48,434
And I think the thing that we
need to make sure we tap into

2153
01:45:48,434 --> 01:45:51,640
is not super serious
coast guard man,

2154
01:45:51,640 --> 01:45:54,943
because when you read
that just now, I was like,

2155
01:45:54,943 --> 01:45:57,200
he's talking like this
and I'm kind of board.

2156
01:45:57,200 --> 01:45:58,575
AUDIENCE: That
was me inflecting.

2157
01:45:59,652 --> 01:46:01,610
PROFESSOR: Remember that
you have to exaggerate

2158
01:46:01,610 --> 01:46:02,780
in front of the camera.

2159
01:46:02,780 --> 01:46:03,821
AUDIENCE: You're smiling.

2160
01:46:03,821 --> 01:46:04,578
You're dynamic.

2161
01:46:04,578 --> 01:46:06,720
Your voice is alive.

2162
01:46:06,720 --> 01:46:08,910
I know it's in there
because I've seen it.

2163
01:46:08,910 --> 01:46:11,490
And when we talked about giving
fifth graders pornography,

2164
01:46:11,490 --> 01:46:14,134
it was definitely there.

2165
01:46:14,134 --> 01:46:15,050
PROFESSOR: Wait, what?

2166
01:46:20,180 --> 01:46:23,330
AUDIENCE: Teaching faux pas
that I had back in the day.

2167
01:46:23,330 --> 01:46:25,835
So I know that that
personality in you

2168
01:46:25,835 --> 01:46:29,250
is totally there,
regardless of the content.

2169
01:46:29,250 --> 01:46:31,605
I feel like you
need to find a zen

2170
01:46:31,605 --> 01:46:35,890
way to channel that part of you,
being whatever video content

2171
01:46:35,890 --> 01:46:39,245
you do, because there's
something innately very

2172
01:46:39,245 --> 01:46:41,845
fascinating about this.

2173
01:46:41,845 --> 01:46:42,970
Like content's really cool.

2174
01:46:42,970 --> 01:46:46,280
The fact that you have this
is really awesome experience

2175
01:46:46,280 --> 01:46:50,400
that none of us have and I
totally think is amazing.

2176
01:46:50,400 --> 01:46:53,380
But if you gave it the way
that you gave it right now,

2177
01:46:53,380 --> 01:46:55,450
you would kill us.

2178
01:46:55,450 --> 01:46:57,730
So we've got to
figure out how to get

2179
01:46:57,730 --> 01:47:01,752
that energy in your being.

2180
01:47:01,752 --> 01:47:04,650
AUDIENCE: I agree with you.

2181
01:47:04,650 --> 01:47:09,970
AUDIENCE: What was your two
line summary of the whole.

2182
01:47:09,970 --> 01:47:13,470
AUDIENCE: So my initial
one was wasn't that great.

2183
01:47:13,470 --> 01:47:17,460
But like it's pretty much taking
something simple that people

2184
01:47:17,460 --> 01:47:20,320
know how to do, like
floating and sinking,

2185
01:47:20,320 --> 01:47:24,190
and how there's a
lot of complex things

2186
01:47:24,190 --> 01:47:27,140
that are designed and built
to carry a lot of really

2187
01:47:27,140 --> 01:47:29,280
important things
that we depend, based

2188
01:47:29,280 --> 01:47:36,340
off very elementary principles.

2189
01:47:36,340 --> 01:47:39,724
PROFESSOR: I will show you
your two sentence pitch.

2190
01:47:39,724 --> 01:47:40,390
[VIDEO PLAYBACK]

2191
01:47:40,390 --> 01:47:41,380
-Yes.

2192
01:47:41,380 --> 01:47:43,330
-It feels a lot like a document.

2193
01:47:43,330 --> 01:47:44,980
-What do you mean by that?

2194
01:47:44,980 --> 01:47:47,977
-Kind of like the
image I get like kind

2195
01:47:47,977 --> 01:47:50,555
of walking through a museum.

2196
01:47:50,555 --> 01:47:51,729
[INAUDIBLE]

2197
01:47:51,729 --> 01:47:53,685
-Tell us what it is.

2198
01:47:53,685 --> 01:47:57,110
-So it's about subdivisions,
subdivision in ships.

2199
01:47:57,110 --> 01:48:01,050
So if you take something
that floats, like a shoe box,

2200
01:48:01,050 --> 01:48:03,890
and you put a hole
it in, it'll sink.

2201
01:48:03,890 --> 01:48:07,590
But if you divide that shoe
box into watertight sections,

2202
01:48:07,590 --> 01:48:11,574
this one compartment might
not cause it to sink.

2203
01:48:11,574 --> 01:48:17,110
And how we've advanced to a time
where a ship can be extensively

2204
01:48:17,110 --> 01:48:19,330
damaged and still stay afloat.

2205
01:48:19,330 --> 01:48:20,860
And people won't die.

2206
01:48:23,830 --> 01:48:24,690
[END PLAYBACK]

2207
01:48:24,690 --> 01:48:27,115
AUDIENCE: Sort of like
the first little section

2208
01:48:27,115 --> 01:48:29,530
that you gave about
it, it's almost

2209
01:48:29,530 --> 01:48:31,530
like I'd like you
to say that and then

2210
01:48:31,530 --> 01:48:36,880
say hey, we can just do this
experiment live right now.

2211
01:48:36,880 --> 01:48:39,210
Why don't we just
do this, right now.

2212
01:48:39,210 --> 01:48:42,160
Let's take this-- and here's
a small foam box, that I've

2213
01:48:42,160 --> 01:48:43,740
decided to call Orca One.

2214
01:48:43,740 --> 01:48:44,630
AUDIENCE: Right.

2215
01:48:44,630 --> 01:48:46,210
OK.

2216
01:48:46,210 --> 01:48:48,710
PROFESSOR: And I think again,
I mean the showing not telling

2217
01:48:48,710 --> 01:48:51,740
is really hard to script when
you haven't actually worked

2218
01:48:51,740 --> 01:48:53,930
with the video stuff that much.

2219
01:48:53,930 --> 01:48:56,340
And maybe as you shoot,
you'll realize, oh,

2220
01:48:56,340 --> 01:48:58,930
I don't actually need
to say, as you can see.

2221
01:48:58,930 --> 01:49:01,880
I can just say the box sinks.

2222
01:49:01,880 --> 01:49:05,210
And you don't need
to say-- you don't

2223
01:49:05,210 --> 01:49:06,960
put any contractions
in your script, which

2224
01:49:06,960 --> 01:49:09,240
I think is interesting.

2225
01:49:09,240 --> 01:49:12,380
And when you deliver the lines,
you're not going to say do not.

2226
01:49:12,380 --> 01:49:14,220
You're just going to
say it doesn't sink.

2227
01:49:14,220 --> 01:49:16,671
AUDIENCE: I say
let's right there.

2228
01:49:16,671 --> 01:49:17,420
PROFESSOR: Oh, OK.

2229
01:49:17,420 --> 01:49:19,509
One apostrophe.

2230
01:49:19,509 --> 01:49:21,050
AUDIENCE: Doing
this, you're probably

2231
01:49:21,050 --> 01:49:23,190
going to ad lib based
on what happens,

2232
01:49:23,190 --> 01:49:26,282
just like the crazy
Russian hacker

2233
01:49:26,282 --> 01:49:28,530
guy who's like, OK,
that didn't [INAUDIBLE].

2234
01:49:28,530 --> 01:49:31,690
And that's what gives it,
kind of, your personality

2235
01:49:31,690 --> 01:49:34,440
will come out as
this is happening.

2236
01:49:34,440 --> 01:49:39,350
AUDIENCE: So with the
introduction I was-- Elizabeth

2237
01:49:39,350 --> 01:49:43,040
and Sari's comments kind
of allude to there's

2238
01:49:43,040 --> 01:49:45,605
got to be some
sort of like-- just

2239
01:49:45,605 --> 01:49:46,980
to know what we're
talking about.

2240
01:49:46,980 --> 01:49:47,860
So I did that.

2241
01:49:47,860 --> 01:49:49,912
And then that turned
out to be bad.

2242
01:49:49,912 --> 01:49:50,995
It was a bad introduction.

2243
01:49:53,610 --> 01:49:56,600
So the George said,
just get right into.

2244
01:49:56,600 --> 01:49:59,660
Just get right into
the box and how this--

2245
01:49:59,660 --> 01:50:02,682
so I'm kind of
confused, though, what--

2246
01:50:02,682 --> 01:50:04,390
AUDIENCE: What you
just said was perfect.

2247
01:50:04,390 --> 01:50:05,732
AUDIENCE: With?

2248
01:50:05,732 --> 01:50:08,190
AUDIENCE: We all know that some
things sink and some things

2249
01:50:08,190 --> 01:50:08,950
float.

2250
01:50:08,950 --> 01:50:11,680
But it's actually
not that simple.

2251
01:50:11,680 --> 01:50:14,300
And this fairly
rudimentary concept

2252
01:50:14,300 --> 01:50:18,180
is something that naval
architects use every day.

2253
01:50:18,180 --> 01:50:21,580
PROFESSOR: Wait, but
that was the original--

2254
01:50:21,580 --> 01:50:24,780
do you mind if I pull up the
Google doc that you sent me

2255
01:50:24,780 --> 01:50:25,280
before?

2256
01:50:32,140 --> 01:50:35,570
AUDIENCE: I just felt like
it started really abruptly.

2257
01:50:35,570 --> 01:50:38,510
And you needed just a
little, little, little bit.

2258
01:50:38,510 --> 01:50:39,655
AUDIENCE: Yeah.

2259
01:50:39,655 --> 01:50:42,270
Even just having a
mock Navy ship smashed

2260
01:50:42,270 --> 01:50:45,055
and then watching
it sink or float.

2261
01:50:45,055 --> 01:50:47,530
Because like, what you're
talking about is the grey zone

2262
01:50:47,530 --> 01:50:50,910
in between sinking and floating.

2263
01:50:50,910 --> 01:50:54,410
And you want us to get in that
grey zone quickly with you.

2264
01:50:54,410 --> 01:50:57,130
PROFESSOR: Yeah, I like that
you're starting a right away.

2265
01:50:57,130 --> 01:50:59,755
Like I know that we
had talked about-- Josh

2266
01:50:59,755 --> 01:51:01,800
had mentioned that
during his workshop,

2267
01:51:01,800 --> 01:51:04,480
like to start in the action.

2268
01:51:04,480 --> 01:51:07,260
But I think that
your intro itself

2269
01:51:07,260 --> 01:51:11,930
is visually interesting enough
and topically foreign enough

2270
01:51:11,930 --> 01:51:18,470
to most people, to where that in
itself is a bit of a hook, too.

2271
01:51:18,470 --> 01:51:21,660
And by setup, we don't mean
like an entire paragraph.

2272
01:51:21,660 --> 01:51:26,150
I think like that one
sentences is fine, actually.

2273
01:51:26,150 --> 01:51:29,086
And when you guys
shoot, I really

2274
01:51:29,086 --> 01:51:30,960
challenge you guys not
to use a script, which

2275
01:51:30,960 --> 01:51:32,300
sounds terrifying.

2276
01:51:32,300 --> 01:51:35,305
And often times that'll
just mean, what line do I

2277
01:51:35,305 --> 01:51:36,045
have to say here.

2278
01:51:36,045 --> 01:51:37,170
I'm going to say this line.

2279
01:51:37,170 --> 01:51:38,378
And you put down your script.

2280
01:51:38,378 --> 01:51:39,600
And you deliver it ad lib.

2281
01:51:39,600 --> 01:51:42,710
But it's going to come out so
much more natural that way.

2282
01:51:42,710 --> 01:51:48,090
When you talk in real life,
you turn your head a lot,

2283
01:51:48,090 --> 01:51:54,190
that's what makes you seem like
a human, versus a humanoid.

2284
01:51:54,190 --> 01:51:56,240
Not saying that the
delivery was this time.

2285
01:51:56,240 --> 01:51:59,660
But there are a lot of things
that people do naturally

2286
01:51:59,660 --> 01:52:00,867
that they don't realize.

2287
01:52:00,867 --> 01:52:02,950
And so I think it's fun
to point it out to people,

2288
01:52:02,950 --> 01:52:06,220
because when you're shooting
in front of a camera,

2289
01:52:06,220 --> 01:52:09,374
it's very hard to
remember those things.

2290
01:52:09,374 --> 01:52:11,540
It's really hard to be
natural in front of a camera,

2291
01:52:11,540 --> 01:52:13,140
basically.

2292
01:52:13,140 --> 01:52:15,380
But like all of you guys
were saying-- or some

2293
01:52:15,380 --> 01:52:16,480
of you guys were
saying, like I'm not

2294
01:52:16,480 --> 01:52:17,646
good in front of the camera.

2295
01:52:17,646 --> 01:52:19,760
And I watched some of the
raw footage from class.

2296
01:52:19,760 --> 01:52:21,040
And you guys are all great.

2297
01:52:21,040 --> 01:52:25,230
And it's technically in
front of a camera, right?

2298
01:52:25,230 --> 01:52:27,630
So you're just not looking
and not aware of it.

2299
01:52:27,630 --> 01:52:31,030
So it's somehow being
able to extrapolate

2300
01:52:31,030 --> 01:52:34,160
how you are in this
classroom and carrying

2301
01:52:34,160 --> 01:52:36,660
that over to when
there's a camera

2302
01:52:36,660 --> 01:52:38,350
right in front of your face.

2303
01:52:38,350 --> 01:52:41,000
And I do think that it's the
little things, like sometimes

2304
01:52:41,000 --> 01:52:41,920
you tilt your head.

2305
01:52:41,920 --> 01:52:43,710
Sometimes you look
off and not directly

2306
01:52:43,710 --> 01:52:45,480
in front of the camera.

2307
01:52:45,480 --> 01:52:46,850
Blinking is a big thing.

2308
01:52:46,850 --> 01:52:49,930
I don't know if I mentioned
that in earlier classes.

2309
01:52:49,930 --> 01:52:54,090
But if you look at your footage
and you're like I seem off

2310
01:52:54,090 --> 01:52:55,580
and I don't know why.

2311
01:52:55,580 --> 01:52:57,080
I feel like my voice is fine.

2312
01:52:57,080 --> 01:53:00,110
I feel like my pacing is fine.

2313
01:53:00,110 --> 01:53:01,950
Try to notice how
many times you blink.

2314
01:53:01,950 --> 01:53:04,500
A lot of times people
will keep their eyes

2315
01:53:04,500 --> 01:53:06,410
for a really long
period of time.

2316
01:53:06,410 --> 01:53:09,620
And they don't blink where it
makes sense in their speech.

2317
01:53:09,620 --> 01:53:11,376
And so they're just
talking like this.

2318
01:53:11,376 --> 01:53:12,348
AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
who does this.

2319
01:53:12,348 --> 01:53:14,125
When he gives presentations
it's totally creepy.

2320
01:53:14,125 --> 01:53:14,820
PROFESSOR: Yeah.

2321
01:53:14,820 --> 01:53:15,370
Yeah so--

2322
01:53:15,370 --> 01:53:18,120
AUDIENCE: I'm like,
dude, you have to blink.

2323
01:53:18,120 --> 01:53:21,950
PROFESSOR: Blinking, head
tilts, looking off to the side

2324
01:53:21,950 --> 01:53:25,200
like you would normally,
those are little techniques

2325
01:53:25,200 --> 01:53:27,360
that you can think about
when you're hosting.

2326
01:53:27,360 --> 01:53:30,170
And it's sort of counter
intuitive to force

2327
01:53:30,170 --> 01:53:31,940
yourself to be
natural, but sometimes

2328
01:53:31,940 --> 01:53:33,787
that's what you have to do.

2329
01:53:33,787 --> 01:53:36,120
AUDIENCE: I really recommend,
if you haven't already-- I

2330
01:53:36,120 --> 01:53:37,700
think most of you have already.

2331
01:53:37,700 --> 01:53:41,100
But for your reflections,
think about doing a vlog,

2332
01:53:41,100 --> 01:53:45,250
because vlogging is like the
basest form of video creation

2333
01:53:45,250 --> 01:53:48,950
in that you like literally
stare at your computer.

2334
01:53:48,950 --> 01:53:50,870
And if you want
to get comfortable

2335
01:53:50,870 --> 01:53:53,395
with the idea of a camera,
you can set up your camera

2336
01:53:53,395 --> 01:53:55,040
as though you were
recording yourself

2337
01:53:55,040 --> 01:53:57,470
for your video, or
something like that.

2338
01:53:57,470 --> 01:53:59,840
And just talking to it.

2339
01:53:59,840 --> 01:54:04,120
Because we have no expectations
for your daily reflections.

2340
01:54:04,120 --> 01:54:08,310
You can be like, I was really
scared going into class today.

2341
01:54:08,310 --> 01:54:10,970
And then you can stop thinking.

2342
01:54:10,970 --> 01:54:12,370
And you can look off camera.

2343
01:54:12,370 --> 01:54:12,720
And you can say um.

2344
01:54:12,720 --> 01:54:13,970
And we won't judge you at all.

2345
01:54:13,970 --> 01:54:17,620
And it gives a good
reference point for when

2346
01:54:17,620 --> 01:54:18,900
you do have a polished video.

2347
01:54:18,900 --> 01:54:21,270
It's like do I have
even some of the quirks

2348
01:54:21,270 --> 01:54:23,230
that I showed my vlog.

2349
01:54:23,230 --> 01:54:24,950
PROFESSOR: Yeah.

2350
01:54:24,950 --> 01:54:27,085
AUDIENCE: And it just gets
you more-- I don't know,

2351
01:54:27,085 --> 01:54:29,200
I was really uncomfortable
in front of the camera.

2352
01:54:29,200 --> 01:54:30,158
And I still kind of am.

2353
01:54:30,158 --> 01:54:33,710
But vlogging and
doing that process

2354
01:54:33,710 --> 01:54:37,050
and seeing how, oh, if I make
a mistake, like forgetting what

2355
01:54:37,050 --> 01:54:40,122
I'm going to say, I can just cut
that out and seal it together.

2356
01:54:40,122 --> 01:54:41,830
It really gets you a
lot more comfortable

2357
01:54:41,830 --> 01:54:44,450
with just seeing your face on
the screen, which is a really

2358
01:54:44,450 --> 01:54:46,625
foreign experience for people.

2359
01:54:46,625 --> 01:54:48,750
PROFESSOR: I think the
overall format of the script

2360
01:54:48,750 --> 01:54:50,492
is pretty strong.

2361
01:54:50,492 --> 01:54:52,700
I don't think you need to
change a whole lot in terms

2362
01:54:52,700 --> 01:54:55,280
of the format.

2363
01:54:55,280 --> 01:54:59,890
Adding a little bit of context
at the beginning would help.

2364
01:54:59,890 --> 01:55:03,004
Stuff like this
sentence, though, I

2365
01:55:03,004 --> 01:55:04,670
don't think you would
ever say these two

2366
01:55:04,670 --> 01:55:07,277
sentences in real life,
in your speech, right?

2367
01:55:07,277 --> 01:55:08,485
AUDIENCE: That's what I said.

2368
01:55:08,485 --> 01:55:10,860
I think while he's doing it,
he's going to be ad libbing.

2369
01:55:12,680 --> 01:55:15,016
PROFESSOR: And again, you
don't have to script it.

2370
01:55:15,016 --> 01:55:17,140
It's OK if you deviate from
the script a little bit

2371
01:55:17,140 --> 01:55:20,030
when you actually
deliver your lines.

2372
01:55:20,030 --> 01:55:22,080
But this sentence,
that would make

2373
01:55:22,080 --> 01:55:25,260
for very bad day, or the one
that at the end of your video,

2374
01:55:25,260 --> 01:55:30,340
you know, that's why we can't
enjoy-- or decomposition

2375
01:55:30,340 --> 01:55:31,920
is awesome.

2376
01:55:31,920 --> 01:55:34,640
You don't necessarily have to
say that out loud to people,

2377
01:55:34,640 --> 01:55:36,670
they're just going to
kind of know already.

2378
01:55:39,260 --> 01:55:41,810
The one comment I
wanted to make was

2379
01:55:41,810 --> 01:55:55,044
that the context--
I think introducing

2380
01:55:55,044 --> 01:55:56,710
a little bit of context
at the beginning

2381
01:55:56,710 --> 01:55:59,820
will help with this issue,
because right now without it

2382
01:55:59,820 --> 01:56:04,120
this jump seems really
huge all of the sudden.

2383
01:56:04,120 --> 01:56:06,740
Talking about sinking
and then talking

2384
01:56:06,740 --> 01:56:09,740
about economy and money,
all of the sudden.

2385
01:56:09,740 --> 01:56:12,720
I don't know if any of you
guys felt that way, too.

2386
01:56:12,720 --> 01:56:15,900
But it seems a little
like, oh man, first we

2387
01:56:15,900 --> 01:56:18,315
were talking about
cardboard boxes,

2388
01:56:18,315 --> 01:56:20,190
now we're talking about
trillions of dollars.

2389
01:56:20,190 --> 01:56:21,920
And I think it's a
good point to make.

2390
01:56:21,920 --> 01:56:23,270
Because you do want
to take people out

2391
01:56:23,270 --> 01:56:24,186
to the bigger context.

2392
01:56:26,710 --> 01:56:28,100
Yeah, but it is a little abrupt.

2393
01:56:32,880 --> 01:56:36,410
And instead of saying, but sadly
even with this subdivision,

2394
01:56:36,410 --> 01:56:38,880
I think you can set
this up as a question.

2395
01:56:38,880 --> 01:56:41,590
So we have the subdivision,
why do ships still sink?

2396
01:56:43,623 --> 01:56:45,956
AUDIENCE: And last comment,
then I have to hit the road.

2397
01:56:45,956 --> 01:56:47,830
But if any of you didn't
get feedback from me

2398
01:56:47,830 --> 01:56:51,790
and you want it, because I
have to leave a little early.

2399
01:56:51,790 --> 01:56:54,265
Just email me.

2400
01:56:54,265 --> 01:56:56,368
My [INAUDIBLE]
address is not the one

2401
01:56:56,368 --> 01:56:59,220
that grants me access
to Google Docs.

2402
01:56:59,220 --> 01:57:01,312
So if you want, just
email me and I'll

2403
01:57:01,312 --> 01:57:05,944
give you my gmail account so
that I can actually read it.

2404
01:57:05,944 --> 01:57:10,970
The naval, ship is such a
cool thread throughout this,

2405
01:57:10,970 --> 01:57:13,698
that I don't think
you necessarily--

2406
01:57:13,698 --> 01:57:18,162
like if you can use the
cardboard box as Navy ships,

2407
01:57:18,162 --> 01:57:21,634
and not have them me
be just abstract boxes.

2408
01:57:21,634 --> 01:57:23,618
And if the cargo
ship carrying bananas

2409
01:57:23,618 --> 01:57:25,810
is carrying military personnel.

2410
01:57:25,810 --> 01:57:28,845
You don't have to go outside
of that genre in order for this

2411
01:57:28,845 --> 01:57:30,372
to be a really cool video.

2412
01:57:30,372 --> 01:57:31,830
In fact, I think
it's cooler if you

2413
01:57:31,830 --> 01:57:35,950
stick with the military theme,
because that's something that's

2414
01:57:35,950 --> 01:57:39,170
actually-- especially to middle
school boys who like blowing up

2415
01:57:39,170 --> 01:57:41,740
things-- that's even
more authentically

2416
01:57:41,740 --> 01:57:44,340
cool than bananas.

2417
01:57:44,340 --> 01:57:47,260
And plus, if you
can even make Orca,

2418
01:57:47,260 --> 01:57:50,226
the box, look a
little bit like--

2419
01:57:50,226 --> 01:57:51,476
AUDIENCE: I already made them.

2420
01:57:51,476 --> 01:57:52,910
AUDIENCE: You made them?

2421
01:57:52,910 --> 01:57:58,168
But even if you just [INAUDIBLE]
and put some stars on them.

2422
01:57:58,168 --> 01:58:00,809
It doesn't have to be crazy
fancy to still get the idea

2423
01:58:00,809 --> 01:58:04,073
that this is like
a Navy ship, right?

2424
01:58:04,073 --> 01:58:06,550
But I think that if
that Navy theme hums

2425
01:58:06,550 --> 01:58:09,580
throughout the whole
thing, then it's

2426
01:58:09,580 --> 01:58:14,100
like that becomes a
really cool theme.

2427
01:58:14,100 --> 01:58:15,810
PROFESSOR: Yeah.

2428
01:58:15,810 --> 01:58:16,782
AUDIENCE: I gotta run.

2429
01:58:16,782 --> 01:58:17,782
I'm gonna miss my train.

2430
01:58:17,782 --> 01:58:19,760
But you guys are
awesome. [INAUDIBLE].

2431
01:58:19,760 --> 01:58:21,870
PROFESSOR: Julia, do you
want to say something?

2432
01:58:21,870 --> 01:58:23,373
Thanks, Jamie.

2433
01:58:23,373 --> 01:58:25,788
AUDIENCE: When the
football fields and bananas

2434
01:58:25,788 --> 01:58:29,170
were introduced, that was kind
of taking me out of the video

2435
01:58:29,170 --> 01:58:32,554
and making me think of monkeys.

2436
01:58:32,554 --> 01:58:35,458
And then at the
end, also, you're

2437
01:58:35,458 --> 01:58:37,394
mentioning cell
phones and bananas,

2438
01:58:37,394 --> 01:58:40,800
but you never mentioned
cell phones before that.

2439
01:58:40,800 --> 01:58:43,835
So I do like the idea
of kind of keeping

2440
01:58:43,835 --> 01:58:45,775
with the military theme.

2441
01:58:45,775 --> 01:58:48,522
Also some of the--
there was a part

2442
01:58:48,522 --> 01:58:51,584
where you had to
questions-- a question

2443
01:58:51,584 --> 01:58:53,292
at the end of the
paragraph, and that was

2444
01:58:53,292 --> 01:58:55,500
for two consecutive paragraphs.

2445
01:58:55,500 --> 01:58:57,467
PROFESSOR: Yeah, right here.

2446
01:58:57,467 --> 01:58:58,300
[INTERPOSING VOICES]

2447
01:59:01,235 --> 01:59:02,770
PROFESSOR: That's a good point.

2448
01:59:02,770 --> 01:59:05,006
AUDIENCE: Taking
out of the video.

2449
01:59:05,006 --> 01:59:10,791
But other than that, I
really enjoyed the content.

2450
01:59:10,791 --> 01:59:13,713
This is very different
from the original draft,

2451
01:59:13,713 --> 01:59:17,609
but I would very much
enjoy watching this video

2452
01:59:17,609 --> 01:59:18,272
at this point.

2453
01:59:18,272 --> 01:59:19,730
PROFESSOR: Yeah,
originally you had

2454
01:59:19,730 --> 01:59:22,189
talked about Archimedes'
principle and buoyancy,

2455
01:59:22,189 --> 01:59:24,230
but I think this is a lot
stronger because you're

2456
01:59:24,230 --> 01:59:29,300
actually getting into why
the compartments itself.

2457
01:59:29,300 --> 01:59:33,330
AUDIENCE: So just like pretty
much fix those questions

2458
01:59:33,330 --> 01:59:39,184
and take out the whole
merchant marine-type thing.

2459
01:59:39,184 --> 01:59:40,600
PROFESSOR: Yeah,
I think the point

2460
01:59:40,600 --> 01:59:44,130
that you're trying to make with
those examples is basically

2461
01:59:44,130 --> 01:59:46,810
just the sheer
importance of making

2462
01:59:46,810 --> 01:59:49,110
sure your ships stay afloat.

2463
01:59:49,110 --> 01:59:51,970
And I think you can do that
with other examples that

2464
01:59:51,970 --> 01:59:56,480
are a little more
unified to the theme.

2465
01:59:56,480 --> 01:59:59,160
I will say that this
stuff at the end,

2466
01:59:59,160 --> 02:00:08,189
like this sentence right here,
no, this portion right here.

2467
02:00:08,189 --> 02:00:09,980
If you want to expand
on that a little bit,

2468
02:00:09,980 --> 02:00:11,950
I think it would be
interesting, because it's

2469
02:00:11,950 --> 02:00:16,070
more of like a current
event engineering problem.

2470
02:00:16,070 --> 02:00:18,990
And again, like that
makes the video more

2471
02:00:18,990 --> 02:00:21,820
unique than a typical
engineering textbook.

2472
02:00:21,820 --> 02:00:24,460
You're talking about what are
the actual problems that I

2473
02:00:24,460 --> 02:00:28,470
myself as a naval
architect am dealing with.

2474
02:00:28,470 --> 02:00:34,104
And you can talk about the--
I don't think you need an also

2475
02:00:34,104 --> 02:00:35,520
right here, because
this is really

2476
02:00:35,520 --> 02:00:38,320
a continuation of
this explanation.

2477
02:00:38,320 --> 02:00:42,140
Ships sink because they're
expensive to design.

2478
02:00:42,140 --> 02:00:46,000
So you have trade offs
in the engineering of it.

2479
02:00:46,000 --> 02:00:48,760
But we use computers
to simulate the damage,

2480
02:00:48,760 --> 02:00:51,780
so we know exactly
how to subdivide them

2481
02:00:51,780 --> 02:00:56,000
and what the best way to
design those subdivisions are.

2482
02:00:56,000 --> 02:01:00,520
And then instead
of this sentence,

2483
02:01:00,520 --> 02:01:03,320
I mean this point is a little
bit different than the point

2484
02:01:03,320 --> 02:01:09,300
that you're intending, which is
that very simple principles are

2485
02:01:09,300 --> 02:01:14,750
what allow huge, seemingly
complicated machines to work.

2486
02:01:14,750 --> 02:01:17,020
So maybe you can somehow
revisit that point

2487
02:01:17,020 --> 02:01:18,720
at the end instead
of this sentence.

2488
02:01:18,720 --> 02:01:20,489
I think that would
end it a lot stronger.

2489
02:01:23,447 --> 02:01:27,884
AUDIENCE: So was your advice
generally to drop the cargo

2490
02:01:27,884 --> 02:01:28,705
ship.

2491
02:01:28,705 --> 02:01:30,205
AUDIENCE: That
wasn't even in there.

2492
02:01:30,205 --> 02:01:31,980
I added all that.

2493
02:01:31,980 --> 02:01:38,740
It was more, I'd say, the
equations and stuff like that.

2494
02:01:38,740 --> 02:01:43,186
PROFESSOR: [INAUDIBLE]
the draft that he sent us,

2495
02:01:43,186 --> 02:01:47,091
and there was a big part
about Archimedes principle

2496
02:01:47,091 --> 02:01:47,632
and buoyancy.

2497
02:01:47,632 --> 02:01:51,584
Which again, is super
informative, very accurate.

2498
02:01:51,584 --> 02:01:53,507
It's the type of
material that they're

2499
02:01:53,507 --> 02:01:54,548
going to learn in school.

2500
02:01:54,548 --> 02:01:57,030
But it isn't necessarily
vital to-- this

2501
02:01:57,030 --> 02:01:59,488
is more of an engineering video
than it is a physics video.

2502
02:01:59,488 --> 02:02:02,946
And I think that's very valuable
because there's actually

2503
02:02:02,946 --> 02:02:04,922
not a lot of material
on this out there.

2504
02:02:04,922 --> 02:02:08,380
So I think it's more
unique [INAUDIBLE].

2505
02:02:08,380 --> 02:02:10,850
I'm going to give him
a chance to-- like

2506
02:02:10,850 --> 02:02:14,583
someone who's teaching
Archimedes principle may find

2507
02:02:14,583 --> 02:02:17,541
this video really
[INAUDIBLE] in class

2508
02:02:17,541 --> 02:02:20,006
because it gives them
a different context.

2509
02:02:20,006 --> 02:02:22,342
So you took out this
big chunk, but I

2510
02:02:22,342 --> 02:02:24,050
think that you replaced
it with something

2511
02:02:24,050 --> 02:02:26,456
a lot better for the video.

2512
02:02:26,456 --> 02:02:31,770
AUDIENCE: I'm looking
at simple demonstration

2513
02:02:31,770 --> 02:02:34,965
is essential to the design of
huge, complex ships, ships that

2514
02:02:34,965 --> 02:02:36,590
are responsible for
safely transporting

2515
02:02:36,590 --> 02:02:38,830
90% of all our stuff.

2516
02:02:38,830 --> 02:02:40,770
PROFESSOR: Wait, where is this?

2517
02:02:40,770 --> 02:02:42,690
AUDIENCE: It says new
angle way up at the top.

2518
02:02:42,690 --> 02:02:43,315
AUDIENCE: Yeah.

2519
02:02:45,760 --> 02:02:47,670
AUDIENCE: I mean--
I kind of thought

2520
02:02:47,670 --> 02:02:51,220
the container ships are sort
of a theme in the entire thing.

2521
02:02:51,220 --> 02:02:55,417
PROFESSOR: Yeah, I don't think
cargo-- I'm not saying get rid

2522
02:02:55,417 --> 02:02:56,500
of the cargo stuff at all.

2523
02:02:56,500 --> 02:02:59,995
AUDIENCE: OK, because
I mean, that's my bread

2524
02:02:59,995 --> 02:03:04,450
and butter is merchant ships
and not-- because I'm not

2525
02:03:04,450 --> 02:03:06,619
really in the Navy or anything.

2526
02:03:06,619 --> 02:03:08,410
AUDIENCE: And then the
tie-in with the cell

2527
02:03:08,410 --> 02:03:10,500
phone thing is that
safely transporting

2528
02:03:10,500 --> 02:03:13,070
90% of all of our stuff.

2529
02:03:13,070 --> 02:03:16,070
If you take like a zoom in
on a cell and flip it over

2530
02:03:16,070 --> 02:03:19,323
and it says "Made in China"
that's sort of like how

2531
02:03:19,323 --> 02:03:21,726
did this get from
China into my hand.

2532
02:03:24,530 --> 02:03:27,330
PROFESSOR: I don't think that
you should get rid of the cargo

2533
02:03:27,330 --> 02:03:28,960
stuff completely.

2534
02:03:28,960 --> 02:03:32,440
Sorry if it sounds like we're
having competing opinions.

2535
02:03:32,440 --> 02:03:34,310
I think the thing
that throws us off

2536
02:03:34,310 --> 02:03:38,640
is the connections to
the examples you make

2537
02:03:38,640 --> 02:03:39,990
aren't necessarily immediate.

2538
02:03:39,990 --> 02:03:45,040
So I hear four football fields
can carry 750 million bananas.

2539
02:03:45,040 --> 02:03:47,530
Wait, why is he talking about
bananas all of the sudden.

2540
02:03:47,530 --> 02:03:50,830
AUDIENCE: I was just trying to
say like how-- yeah, I got it.

2541
02:03:50,830 --> 02:03:53,410
I'll try to revisit that.

2542
02:03:53,410 --> 02:03:55,330
PROFESSOR: And maybe
it's as simple as adding

2543
02:03:55,330 --> 02:03:57,380
a single sentence
right here, about they

2544
02:03:57,380 --> 02:04:00,700
carry a ton of stuff,
a lot of products

2545
02:04:00,700 --> 02:04:03,930
that we have to import
from other places.

2546
02:04:03,930 --> 02:04:05,670
Things like bananas.

2547
02:04:05,670 --> 02:04:10,722
And a ship the size of this
can carry 750 million bananas.

2548
02:04:10,722 --> 02:04:12,721
So it just sets up the
example a little bit more

2549
02:04:12,721 --> 02:04:14,412
clearly, if that makes sense.

2550
02:04:18,770 --> 02:04:21,365
Any other thoughts for PJ?

2551
02:04:24,530 --> 02:04:27,240
So I think that we're at a
good stopping point here.

2552
02:04:27,240 --> 02:04:30,420
I don't want to hold
you guys over today.

2553
02:04:30,420 --> 02:04:34,000
So we have Kenneth and
Joshua left, right?

2554
02:04:34,000 --> 02:04:36,950
So tomorrow we will
finish up the table

2555
02:04:36,950 --> 02:04:38,320
reads with their stuff.

2556
02:04:38,320 --> 02:04:42,540
And then I'm going to give my
final talk on post production.

2557
02:04:42,540 --> 02:04:45,860
So this is everything
from editing, to music,

2558
02:04:45,860 --> 02:04:48,440
to thinking about what you do
with the footage that you take.

2559
02:04:48,440 --> 02:04:50,400
We'll also tell
you tomorrow what

2560
02:04:50,400 --> 02:04:52,010
groups you're going to film in.

2561
02:04:52,010 --> 02:04:56,560
Was anyone planning on
filming stuff tonight?

2562
02:04:56,560 --> 02:04:58,350
No?

2563
02:04:58,350 --> 02:04:58,850
That's fine.

2564
02:04:58,850 --> 02:05:02,480
Just use tonight to
rework your scripts.

2565
02:05:02,480 --> 02:05:05,300
As far as deliverables
and assignments,

2566
02:05:05,300 --> 02:05:10,140
I think really reworking your
scripts tonight and tomorrow

2567
02:05:10,140 --> 02:05:11,320
should be the main focus.

2568
02:05:11,320 --> 02:05:13,592
So I'm not going to have
anything particularly due.

2569
02:05:17,930 --> 02:05:23,060
How about all that footage
that you shot last week,

2570
02:05:23,060 --> 02:05:25,470
I'll let you guys tinker
around with the editing of that

2571
02:05:25,470 --> 02:05:26,895
after I give my editing lecture.

2572
02:05:26,895 --> 02:05:28,940
Does that makes sense to people?

2573
02:05:28,940 --> 02:05:31,830
So for tonight,
rework your scripts.

2574
02:05:31,830 --> 02:05:34,830
And for people who haven't,
I mean Kenneth and Joshua,

2575
02:05:34,830 --> 02:05:37,420
if you want to update
stuff based off

2576
02:05:37,420 --> 02:05:39,500
of the things we talked
about today, that's fine.

2577
02:05:39,500 --> 02:05:42,380
And you can just
send Sari an update.

2578
02:05:42,380 --> 02:05:44,780
Make sure to do your
daily blogs, though.

2579
02:05:44,780 --> 02:05:48,160
That'll be really helpful.

2580
02:05:48,160 --> 02:05:50,240
And then just come to
class ready tomorrow

2581
02:05:50,240 --> 02:05:54,030
to finish up the two reads
and then do some editing.

2582
02:05:54,030 --> 02:05:56,180
Does that sound good?

2583
02:05:56,180 --> 02:06:01,090
The first cut of your video is
going to be due this Friday.

2584
02:06:01,090 --> 02:06:03,170
Do you think that is
feasible and reasonable?

2585
02:06:07,670 --> 02:06:12,194
So this would be the first
draft of your video, basically.

2586
02:06:12,194 --> 02:06:14,360
Like you'd have to film
everything for it this week.

2587
02:06:17,220 --> 02:06:23,009
AUDIENCE: Is there a day where
we're submitting the shots--

2588
02:06:23,009 --> 02:06:24,050
PROFESSOR: The shot list?

2589
02:06:24,050 --> 02:06:25,810
Yeah.

2590
02:06:25,810 --> 02:06:32,120
I would like to see that
by Wednesday, if possible.

2591
02:06:32,120 --> 02:06:36,900
But that's really more for
your benefit over mine.

2592
02:06:36,900 --> 02:06:38,794
AUDIENCE: And Wednesday,
Thursday and Friday

2593
02:06:38,794 --> 02:06:40,974
will be in class workdays.

2594
02:06:40,974 --> 02:06:42,390
PROFESSOR: Friday's
the screening.

2595
02:06:42,390 --> 02:06:44,990
What I could do-- so this
weekend is a three day weekend.

2596
02:06:44,990 --> 02:06:46,710
We don't have class next Monday.

2597
02:06:46,710 --> 02:06:49,690
If it would help people to
use that weekend to film more,

2598
02:06:49,690 --> 02:06:51,246
I could have the
rough cuts due--

2599
02:06:51,246 --> 02:06:52,620
or we could screen
the rough cuts

2600
02:06:52,620 --> 02:06:55,690
on Tuesday instead of Friday.

2601
02:06:55,690 --> 02:06:58,890
Would that help people?

2602
02:06:58,890 --> 02:07:01,460
AUDIENCE: My
question is, I guess,

2603
02:07:01,460 --> 02:07:03,111
what are like the
things you generally

2604
02:07:03,111 --> 02:07:07,260
would do between a rough cut and
a final cut that would like--

2605
02:07:07,260 --> 02:07:11,300
PROFESSOR: So, I will talk a
little bit about that tomorrow.

2606
02:07:11,300 --> 02:07:13,670
I'll actually show you the
rough cuts of our old videos.

2607
02:07:13,670 --> 02:07:16,500
But a rough cut
takes all the footage

2608
02:07:16,500 --> 02:07:20,130
that you've shot and puts it
together into a draft that

2609
02:07:20,130 --> 02:07:24,230
doesn't have music, and
may be missing some scenes,

2610
02:07:24,230 --> 02:07:27,880
or may require
reshooots of scenes.

2611
02:07:27,880 --> 02:07:31,110
So usually what happens between
a rough cut and a final cut,

2612
02:07:31,110 --> 02:07:34,890
in addition to music and
maybe better editing,

2613
02:07:34,890 --> 02:07:38,930
is you almost always end
up reshooting something

2614
02:07:38,930 --> 02:07:41,780
because it doesn't look that
good in the context of all

2615
02:07:41,780 --> 02:07:43,270
your other footage.

2616
02:07:43,270 --> 02:07:45,709
So the only reason why I
had a rough cut due so early

2617
02:07:45,709 --> 02:07:47,250
is because I wanted
to leave you guys

2618
02:07:47,250 --> 02:07:50,420
enough time to reshoot
if you needed to.

2619
02:07:50,420 --> 02:07:52,270
But if it's going
to be too much work

2620
02:07:52,270 --> 02:07:54,620
to get the rough in
place in the first place,

2621
02:07:54,620 --> 02:07:57,975
I'd rather you really try to
get as good of a rough cut

2622
02:07:57,975 --> 02:08:01,419
as you can than try
to rush one together.

2623
02:08:01,419 --> 02:08:02,210
DAVID: [INAUDIBLE].

2624
02:08:07,348 --> 02:08:08,472
PROFESSOR: Not necessarily.

2625
02:08:13,120 --> 02:08:15,430
So if it-- are we on consensus?

2626
02:08:15,430 --> 02:08:18,810
You guys want rough cut due
on Tuesday instead of Friday?

2627
02:08:18,810 --> 02:08:20,810
Because that totally
works for me.

2628
02:08:20,810 --> 02:08:24,740
Basically, after tomorrow,
and aside from the screening

2629
02:08:24,740 --> 02:08:27,020
of the rough cut, every
other day of class

2630
02:08:27,020 --> 02:08:30,806
is work time for the projects.

2631
02:08:30,806 --> 02:08:32,180
AUDIENCE: And that
next week it's

2632
02:08:32,180 --> 02:08:34,952
Tuesday, Wednesday, or
Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday?

2633
02:08:34,952 --> 02:08:38,060
Because doesn't the class end--

2634
02:08:38,060 --> 02:08:43,340
PROFESSOR: The class ends--
so today is the 12th.

2635
02:08:43,340 --> 02:08:46,480
Yeah, so the class
ends that Thursday.

2636
02:08:46,480 --> 02:08:50,050
It was sort of optimizing like
leaving enough time to get

2637
02:08:50,050 --> 02:08:51,910
the rough cut, but also
leaving enough time

2638
02:08:51,910 --> 02:08:55,570
to give you time for reshoots.

2639
02:08:55,570 --> 02:09:00,490
Our screening is the
evening of the 22nd.

2640
02:09:00,490 --> 02:09:02,003
Yeah.

2641
02:09:02,003 --> 02:09:03,669
AUDIENCE: But then
what happens, though,

2642
02:09:03,669 --> 02:09:04,920
the last week [INAUDIBLE].

2643
02:09:04,920 --> 02:09:07,610
PROFESSOR: So the
last week of IEP

2644
02:09:07,610 --> 02:09:12,740
we'll pick scripts to produce
for season three of Science

2645
02:09:12,740 --> 02:09:13,710
Out Loud.

2646
02:09:13,710 --> 02:09:16,880
And if you guys are
interested and if it

2647
02:09:16,880 --> 02:09:21,330
fits into the casting, then
we would produce your video,

2648
02:09:21,330 --> 02:09:24,150
basically.

2649
02:09:24,150 --> 02:09:27,810
I'm I'm sorry to the SUTD
guys, you have to go back.

2650
02:09:27,810 --> 02:09:28,450
Yeah.

2651
02:09:28,450 --> 02:09:30,850
You could stay another week.

2652
02:09:30,850 --> 02:09:32,600
So that's why we
end so early, is

2653
02:09:32,600 --> 02:09:34,940
because you guys have to
go back and then we're

2654
02:09:34,940 --> 02:09:36,790
producing season
three in parallel.

2655
02:09:41,960 --> 02:09:43,020
So that's all I have.

2656
02:09:43,020 --> 02:09:45,620
I'll make the rough
cut due Tuesday.

2657
02:09:45,620 --> 02:09:48,110
If you finish stuff
before Tuesday

2658
02:09:48,110 --> 02:09:52,160
and want me to look over
it, I'm happy to do so.

2659
02:09:52,160 --> 02:09:53,860
Because I know
that the turnaround

2660
02:09:53,860 --> 02:09:56,720
is insanely quick for this.

2661
02:09:56,720 --> 02:09:58,820
And I know that we're
cramming a ton of stuff

2662
02:09:58,820 --> 02:10:00,916
into these three weeks.

2663
02:10:00,916 --> 02:10:05,796
AUDIENCE: Do we need to meet
up with our groups to film

2664
02:10:05,796 --> 02:10:08,240
over the weekend, then?

2665
02:10:08,240 --> 02:10:10,940
PROFESSOR: No, and
tomorrow we were

2666
02:10:10,940 --> 02:10:14,610
going to hand out assignments
for who your groups would be.

2667
02:10:14,610 --> 02:10:16,170
If you can shoot
stuff on your own,

2668
02:10:16,170 --> 02:10:18,380
like b-roll, feel
free to do that.

2669
02:10:18,380 --> 02:10:21,000
Like you don't have to just
use class time to work.

2670
02:10:21,000 --> 02:10:23,120
If it's more convenient
for you to just catch

2671
02:10:23,120 --> 02:10:26,920
some stuff on your own, do
a tripod selfie type shot,

2672
02:10:26,920 --> 02:10:28,090
go ahead and do that.

2673
02:10:30,810 --> 02:10:33,750
But no, you don't have to
just only work in class.

2674
02:10:33,750 --> 02:10:39,770
Everyone has their own camera
and their own equipment, right?

2675
02:10:39,770 --> 02:10:42,180
OK, yeah.

2676
02:10:42,180 --> 02:10:46,400
So tomorrow we'll do editing,
finish the table reads.

2677
02:10:46,400 --> 02:10:48,560
You'll have the rest
of the week to work.

2678
02:10:48,560 --> 02:10:53,830
We will screen rough cuts
on Tuesday the 20th, then.

2679
02:10:53,830 --> 02:10:57,050
But that means that you won't
get feedback from your peers

2680
02:10:57,050 --> 02:10:58,450
until Tuesday the 20th.

2681
02:11:01,650 --> 02:11:02,860
That OK?

2682
02:11:02,860 --> 02:11:04,520
So basically your
rough cuts are going

2683
02:11:04,520 --> 02:11:06,930
to be so good that
you're not going

2684
02:11:06,930 --> 02:11:10,110
to have to reshoot anything.

2685
02:11:10,110 --> 02:11:11,392
No, I'm just kidding.

2686
02:11:11,392 --> 02:11:11,975
It'll be fine.

2687
02:11:15,370 --> 02:11:17,310
AUDIENCE: How good
does our video need

2688
02:11:17,310 --> 02:11:21,190
to be in terms of the visuals.

2689
02:11:21,190 --> 02:11:24,880
PROFESSOR: I mean I totally
understand that you have a week

2690
02:11:24,880 --> 02:11:26,380
to do this, basically.

2691
02:11:26,380 --> 02:11:31,630
So if you can't, you know,
do a full-fledged animation,

2692
02:11:31,630 --> 02:11:33,780
you can't fully
realize those things,

2693
02:11:33,780 --> 02:11:35,135
I completely understand that.

2694
02:11:38,340 --> 02:11:42,400
This is going to sound stupid,
but just try your best.

2695
02:11:42,400 --> 02:11:44,890
Because that's why
I have-- creating

2696
02:11:44,890 --> 02:11:47,130
the rubric for this class
was really hard, actually,

2697
02:11:47,130 --> 02:11:49,860
because I knew that all
these constraints were here.

2698
02:11:49,860 --> 02:11:54,000
And so I couldn't raw scale
points, like 10 points

2699
02:11:54,000 --> 02:11:58,070
it's lit correctly, because
that's just unreasonable.

2700
02:11:58,070 --> 02:12:00,490
But what I really
want is the intent

2701
02:12:00,490 --> 02:12:04,600
to be there, the thoughtfulness,
the understanding and self

2702
02:12:04,600 --> 02:12:06,480
awareness of maybe
what's lacking,

2703
02:12:06,480 --> 02:12:08,740
what you'd like to
develop further.

2704
02:12:08,740 --> 02:12:12,860
If you can't-- if a film
location falls through

2705
02:12:12,860 --> 02:12:16,120
at the last minute and you
can't film there, stuff happens.

2706
02:12:16,120 --> 02:12:17,900
I totally understand.

2707
02:12:17,900 --> 02:12:21,570
If you can just maybe write
what you wanted to do instead,

2708
02:12:21,570 --> 02:12:23,300
that's totally fine.

2709
02:12:23,300 --> 02:12:25,388
But--

2710
02:12:25,388 --> 02:12:27,320
AUDIENCE: Same thing
with animations.

2711
02:12:27,320 --> 02:12:31,200
I'm sure some of you have very--
especially with the fractals.

2712
02:12:31,200 --> 02:12:34,180
Zooming in on fractals,
that's a difficult animation

2713
02:12:34,180 --> 02:12:37,430
to accomplish, especially if you
haven't done animation before.

2714
02:12:37,430 --> 02:12:40,480
Think of using still images,
because it's really easy

2715
02:12:40,480 --> 02:12:42,610
to overlay a still
image, or even something

2716
02:12:42,610 --> 02:12:44,280
you draw yourself.

2717
02:12:44,280 --> 02:12:47,461
And it would just kind of like--
what Science Out Loud videos

2718
02:12:47,461 --> 02:12:47,960
do.

2719
02:12:47,960 --> 02:12:50,430
As opposed to making
this really complex,

2720
02:12:50,430 --> 02:12:51,720
like multiple moving pieces.

2721
02:12:51,720 --> 02:12:54,070
The more moving pieces
you have, the harder

2722
02:12:54,070 --> 02:12:58,920
it's going to be to do faster.

2723
02:12:58,920 --> 02:13:02,120
PROFESSOR: We will be around
during class every day.

2724
02:13:02,120 --> 02:13:05,110
So if people want
specific help, like

2725
02:13:05,110 --> 02:13:07,934
Sari's done some
animations herself, too.

2726
02:13:07,934 --> 02:13:09,350
So we can help you
with that stuff

2727
02:13:09,350 --> 02:13:10,920
if you have specific questions.

2728
02:13:10,920 --> 02:13:12,592
But shoot for the best you can.

2729
02:13:12,592 --> 02:13:15,050
Definitely don't be like, well,
I'm going to leave this out

2730
02:13:15,050 --> 02:13:17,216
because I'm just going to
justify to Elizabeth later

2731
02:13:17,216 --> 02:13:19,490
that I couldn't get it.

2732
02:13:19,490 --> 02:13:21,037
Try to do the best you can.

2733
02:13:21,037 --> 02:13:22,870
But I understand the
constraints that you're

2734
02:13:22,870 --> 02:13:25,710
working under for sure.

2735
02:13:25,710 --> 02:13:27,930
So don't stress out about that.

2736
02:13:27,930 --> 02:13:30,900
AUDIENCE: And feel free to email
us, because some things like

2737
02:13:30,900 --> 02:13:33,060
after Elizabeth's
editing lecture,

2738
02:13:33,060 --> 02:13:35,900
there might be something like,
you're in the editing program,

2739
02:13:35,900 --> 02:13:37,730
and it might take
you three or four

2740
02:13:37,730 --> 02:13:39,580
hours to figure out
where this tool is

2741
02:13:39,580 --> 02:13:40,788
and how to do this one thing.

2742
02:13:40,788 --> 02:13:42,750
Like my audio disappeared, what?

2743
02:13:42,750 --> 02:13:44,390
But if you bring
it to one of us,

2744
02:13:44,390 --> 02:13:46,640
chances are we've
encountered it before it

2745
02:13:46,640 --> 02:13:49,642
and can fix it in a
couple minutes, hopefully.

2746
02:13:49,642 --> 02:13:51,600
PROFESSOR: Sari's probably
a lot better at that

2747
02:13:51,600 --> 02:13:52,808
than I am, just to be honest.

2748
02:13:55,940 --> 02:13:58,840
Does that sound OK to everyone?

2749
02:13:58,840 --> 02:14:01,350
I do apologize for
the quick turnaround.

2750
02:14:01,350 --> 02:14:03,990
I know it's a lot to
cram into three weeks.

2751
02:14:03,990 --> 02:14:10,046
So I understand the limitations
that we're working with.

2752
02:14:10,046 --> 02:14:11,920
All right, well I'll
stick around after class

2753
02:14:11,920 --> 02:14:13,960
if people want to talk
about their scripts

2754
02:14:13,960 --> 02:14:15,840
more, or have other questions.

2755
02:14:15,840 --> 02:14:17,040
But you guys are free to go.

2756
02:14:17,040 --> 02:14:18,890
I'll see you tomorrow.